Alum Synthesis

Alum Synthesis: The Chemical Process of Recycling Aluminum Introduction By recycling aluminum cans, the costs and energy savings are dramatically more resourceful and efficient than producing aluminum from what it is naturally found in, bauxite ore. The process of recycling aluminum to produce potassium aluminum sulfate, a common alum, will be done through a serious of chemical reactions. Through this reaction, percent yield will be determined. Materials and Methods The mass of a 250 mL beaker is measured, and . 9 to 1. 2 grams of aluminum can pieces are added to the beaker. The mass of the beaker and aluminum pieces is recorded.These two masses are then used to determine the initial mass of aluminum being reacted in this experiment. 50 mL of 1. 4 M KOH is then added to the beaker and placed upon a hot plate under a fume hood to fumigate any escaping gases during the reaction, which should take no longer than 30 minutes. The heat from the hot plate speeds the reaction, and the reacti on mixture must be kept no lower than 25 mL by adding distilled water. An aspirator is assembled by using a suction flask, clamp, ring stand, rubber tubing, funnel, and filter paper to filter the reaction mixture once the first reaction is complete. Feature Article –  Free-Radical BrominationThe filter paper is then wetted, the vacuum source is turned on, and the mixture is poured through the filter, using 5 mL of distilled water to rinse the beaker. The filter will catch all the dark filtrate from the aluminum can pieces, and the suction flask will contain a clear (transparent) solution. The solution is then transferred to a clean 250 mL beaker, and the suction flask is rinsed with 10 mL distilled water to insure all the remaining solution is transferred to the clean beaker. The beaker is placed in an ice bath to cool the solution, filling the beaker three fourths full with ice and cold water. 0 mL of 6. 0 M sulfuric acid is measured and slowly added to the mixture, using a stirring rod to mix. Heat the mixture on a hot plate if any solids begin to develop in the mixture. Using a 1 L plastic beaker, prepare another ice bath and place the beaker containing the reaction mixture in the ice bath. Once in the ice bath, the alum crystals forming in the mixture will begin to precipitate. To help the process of crystal formation, use the stir rod to scrape the sides of the beaker and form an alum seed crystal. Reassemble a clean vacuum filter, and filter the crystals onto the filter paper.Get as much of the precipitated crystals out of the beaker and then rinse the beaker twice with 10 mL of 50% ethanol solution to transfer all the crystals to the beaker. Once the alum crystals have dried, measure the mass of a clean 250 mL beaker and then measure the mass of the beaker containing the alum crystals. Results and Discussion The first reaction to begin the alum synthesis process is when aluminum and potassium hydroxide are combined and water and heat are added during the reaction. The result is an ion called â€Å"aluminate† with an excess of hydrogen gas.This type of reaction is a redox (reduction-oxidation) reaction, where the aluminum metal is oxidized to aluminum with an oxidation number of +3 an d the hydrogen in potassium hydroxide or in water is reduced from an oxidation number of +1 to zero in hydrogen gas. The balanced chemical equation for this reaction is: 2Als+ 2KOHaq+ 6H2Oliq>2KAlOH4aq+ 3 H2g During this reaction, the colorless mixture potassium hydroxide and aluminum pieces turned a dark, ashy gray as heat was applied and the aluminum can pieces dissolved. The heat sped the reaction, and within thirty minutes all the aluminum pieces were dissolved, leaving behind aluminate.In the second reaction, the filtered aluminate solution is mixed with sulfuric acid once the solution has cooled. After stirring for several minutes, crystals began to form. The crystalizing liquid started thickening and appeared to be white. The product of this reaction is aluminum hydroxide, potassium sulfate, and water. The fully balanced chemical equation is: 2 KAl(OH)4(aq) + H2SO4(aq) >2Al(OH)3(s) + 2 H2O(liq) + K2SO4(aq) This equation represents a metathesis (precipitation) reaction where a ll the elements and groups recombine and a precipitate, aluminum hydroxide, is formed.As more sulfuric was added, the precipitate began to dissolve, thus causing the third reaction. The solution contains aluminum, potassium, and sulfate ions now. The balanced chemical equation is: 2 Al(OH)3(s) + 3 H2SO4(aq) >Al2(SO4)3(aq) + 6 H2O(liq) This type of reaction is a metathesis (acid-base) reaction where, once again, the elements and groups recombine themselves. The product of this reaction is aluminum sulfate and water. The solution continued to cool and crystals began to form. The last reaction resulted in a hydrated potassium aluminum sulfate, and crystals of this compound formed slowly. Seed crystals† developed and more alum deposited causing the crystals to expand. The balanced chemical reaction is: Al2(SO4)3(aq) + K2SO4(aq) + 24 H2O(liq) >2 KAl(SO4)2†¢12 H2O(s) This would be considered a combination reaction because the three reactants combined to form one product, hydrat ed potassium aluminum sulfate. The overall balanced chemical reaction for this experiment is: 2Al(s)+2KOHaq+4H2SO4(aq)+22H2O(liq) >2 KAl(SO4)2†¢12H2O(s) + 3 H2(g) At the start of the experiment, 1. 01 grams of aluminum can pieces were used. After forgoing several reactions, 4. 19 grams of alum were recovered.Theoretically, 17. 76 grams of alum should have been recovered. This gives a percent yield of 24. 0%. Human error was definitely the main factor as to why the percent yield is not anywhere close to 100%. My lab partner and I did have a misunderstanding with one of the steps in the instructions; instead of placing the beaker in an ice bath during reaction three, we thought the directions said to put ice directly into the reaction mixture. This may have caused some error in the cooling process of the mixture, and may have not enabled all the crystals to form properly.We may have also not waited long enough for all the crystals to form. Also, some of the crystals may have gott en lost while being transferred from the beaker, to the aspirator, and then to another beaker to be measured. These factors are reasonable as to why the actual yield of alum that resulted in the experiment were not accurate with the theoretical yield of alum. Conclusion Through a series of reactions, it is understood that aluminum can be chemically reacted to result in the synthesis of alum. The success of the experiment proves the reasoning of the process of recycling aluminum.

Alternatives to fossil fuels Essay

The conventional source of energy like coal, the petroleum, etc, will probably be exhausted up within a time that the humanity might foresee. In addition, according to Hordeski (2002), fossil fuels such as petroleum, natural gas, coal must be discovered and extracted before they can be conducive to mankind. This is a costly and time-consuming job. Meanwhile, the quantity of these fuels is limited. Therefore, it is proved that the global resources consumption is undue. Their supply is virtually unlimited or they can be replaced as needed. Because of less pollution, recycling, larger power and higher efficiency, the nuclear power seems to be more than a good choice definitely. This essay will first outline the effects of the over-consumption of global natural resources, which followed by going to assess the viability of using nuclear power as a alternative in a long-term. Last but not least, the essay will point out that the measure should be first considered as a priority currently. Abundant clean energy is all that humankind expected in the modern time. As a new energy, nuclear power plays an important role in the current world. Kurdsunoaeglu (2000) points out that nuclear power plants generate electricity without release of chemicals which cause atmospheric pollution and global warming. However, using nuclear technology more effectively will probably help people avoid such danger and threat. Moreover, burning fossil fuels continually, which place carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, will cause changes in the climate that maybe catastrophic for human. Furthermore, the escalating price of fossil fuels will raise the price of everything else the location of the remaining reserves is the source of much of today’s international disorder (A white-hot elephant 2006). Therefore, exploring the nuclear power has become the urgent project to face for the aim of less pollution. Because the energy converted relatively balance, the nuclear energy can be recycled. Recycling the nuclear power will reduce harmful emissions. Furthermore, people could make use of good things of small quantities of emissions which so much as are just thrown away as waste. The president of Spain has agreed to a widely consultative process to find a solution to what to do with existing radioactive waste (Spain says â€Å"Adios† to nuclear powe:Fourth European country to begin phase out 2006). The effort would lead to a new energy system that will save more energy during transformation. Nuclear energy is obtained by nuclear fission and radioactive decay, both of which extract energy with a costless way, and also bring us an alternative choice of energy source without any pollution. On the other hand, the ways of recycling the nuclear power are comprehensive. Under the modern technology, industry, agriculture, environmental protection, health and medical community, scientific research are all dying for the technology of recycling nuclear power. At the present moment, the function this technology has drawn out its maximum utility in some fields. Compared with other alternatives, nuclear power can produce bigger energy. Studies show that the total annual solar energy input to the earth is more than 15,000 times as great as the earth current yearly use of fossil and nuclear fuels. The term photovoltaic comes from the Greek word for light, photos and voltaic which refers to the unit of electromotive force. The discovery of the photovoltaic effect goes back to the French physicist Becquerel, who conducted experiments with a wet cell battery and found that the battery voltage increased when its silver plates were exposed to sunlight (Hordeski, 2002). On the face of this fact, once completely put it into the use, nuclear power will display the energy with the amount that beyond imagination. According to Hordeski (2002), Nuclear power stations operate on the same principles as fossil fuel plants except the heat from the fossil fuel is replaced by a heat from a controlled nuclear reactor. This means if only the produce of energy conversion keep balance, nuclear power can keep a higher efficiency. Opportunities for nuclear power are distributed broadly around the world, and nuclear power can help to address concerns over sustainable energy resources (Advertising in Cooperation in the Energy Futures of China and the United States, 2000). Engineering a new energy system will provide stewardship for all life on earth. Renewable energy is effectively infinite in supply. Presently the cost of using nuclear power is very high. This is due to that using the nuclear power needs a very high scientific and technological content. The deficiency in this plan is very clear. The process of using nuclear power is very complicated. Energy is generally divided into two categories: stored and transient. The stored forms of energy are potential, kinetic, internal, chemical, and nuclear. Chemical and nuclear energy represent the energy bound up in the structure of the molecular and atomic compounds (Hordeski, 2002). In the long and complicated course of exploring and using this energy, the sufficient manpower, physical and financial resources are unprecedentedly needed. The risk still exists in using the nuclear power. Elliott (1997) stresses the longer term prospects for nuclear power are unclear. Fission reactors use a fuel (uranium), which although still relatively abundant, will not be available indefinitely; fast breeder reactors, which in effect would stretch the availability of the fuel, have yet to be operated commercially and pose what some people regards as significant safety and security risks. Finally, nuclear fusion remains a long-term possibility, but as we may predict that, even if the technology comes to be perfect, it also has problems. As discussed by (Cimbala, 2000) nuclear optimists assume that these states will reason as past nuclear powers have about the costs and risks of nuclear brinkmanship or war, the international society still have to appeal for an effective and peaceful way in using nuclear power resources in behalf of benefiting the humanity. The challenges of nuclear power are widely recognized to be in four aspects: cost, operational safety, the safe disposal of nuclear waste, and the prevention of the proliferation of nuclear weapons (Advertising in Cooperation in the Energy Futures of China and the United States, 2000). Focus on these four challenges, there are several available solutions to deal with. Firstly, the governments may use mass media as vehicles for propaganda to support the peaceful use of nuclear energy; enhance the use of nuclear energy security and persist the principle of use nuclear power. Bent, Orr and Baker (2002) claim that if national leaders explained the importance of developing a sustainable energy policy, and pushed hard for one, the people would follow their leadership. Most people are keenly aware of the urgent energy challenges and are prepared to make sacrifices to ensure that the world has an adequate, secure, sustainable, and affordable energy supply. Secondly, every country should be dedicated to produce a new energy system to develop the new technology and reduce the cost of nuclear power. A fully implementation of this system would stop the use of fossil fuels and launch an entirely new energy infrastructure. An economist, Joseph Schumpeter makes convincing arguments that new products and innovation are the driving force of an expanding economy (Robert, 1992). The universities which are equipped with high quality research offices should set the specialized field to appeal for more talents who design to be nuclear experts. The educational policy will advance the development of the top technology. The third point, increasing funds for scientific research to improve the use of nuclear power and technology is another important policy to support the reasonable use of nuclear power. Laurence (2002) maintains that ‘Homo Technologist must implement the energy system that utilizes no fossil fuels. An energy system based on renewable energy and fusion reactors has been proposed.’ Governments should establish special funds to support this scientific research. In addition, the public should be educated in how to use energy more effectively, because it is important to bear in mind that making the nuclear power become the focal point in the area of energy utilization in the future is an essential work for all the world. In conclusion, facing the environmental concerns and energy shortage, seeking available alternatives to replace the conventional energy sources becomes an urgent matter at the present time. There are several energy resources that are renewable. People have to find long-term alternatives to substitute fossil fuels to overcome the new energy challenges. Thus, nuclear power is going to become a new energy which has comparatively more powerful energy and higher efficiency. However, the use of nuclear power has some flaws. As mentioned in the former part, it always goes with the higher costs, potential risks and desires for highly advanced technology. Facing these problems, scientists are drawing some strong points to offset its own weakness, devoting themselves to developing the nuclear technology. Besides enhancing the use of nuclear energy security, the governments are also required to increase the funds to support the scientific research for making nuclear power more effective, safer and more economical to serve humanity.

1 page report Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

1 page report - Research Paper Example Companies will avoid law suites which are brought by harming the environment. Environment is made dirty when companies litter in places like beaches. There are some companies that emits carbon into the air and others spill oil into the sea (Anderson, 2006). By engaging in these practices, companies will never face law suits. Another importance for companies engaging in these practices is saving costs on production of their products. These are companies that have started recycling programs where they recycle plastic containers etc. These saves cost of producing new plastic products and it eventually cleans the environment. These practices are used by some companies as business strategies. Companies that protect the environment are praised by people because they are responsible. They get good opinion by people and customer loyalty. It is important for companies to engage in environmental sustainability practices because there are global challenges of energy efficiency. There is also climate change due to emissions by companies. Human activities have brought climate change and this should be reduced (Ramon, 2007). Living in a dirty environment predisposes people to diseases. There are several steps that companies can take in order to become environmentally sustainable. The first step is by reducing rubbish by recycling. Recycling of some rubbish reduces the operation costs of a company. Recycling of rubbish will eliminate littering which eventually encourages pests. Another step that companies should take is by manufacturing eco-friendly products. These are products that are environmental friendly. The eco-friendly products do not emit carbon and are not harmful to the environment. For instance, car manufactures are designing cars that consume less energy and emit less carbon. Air pollution is another area considered by companies. Companies are taking caution in emitting gases into the air. Some gases are dangerous when inhaled by employees and

Homework # 5 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Homework # 5 - Assignment Example From better business confidence to improved exports to more foreign demand to stronger employment sector, Canada is enjoying a healthy phase of growth. However, the overall outlook is rather ambiguous and it is not yet fully known how the drop in oil prices is bound to affect Canada in future. The press release also reveals that an uncertain outlook is the result of lower oil prices. In order to handle the negative impacts of lower oil prices, the Bank expects to make the Canadian economy stronger than ever before. This will be accomplished by increasing real GDP growth. The Bank will also adopt such a monetary policy which will help in minimizing risks caused by the oil price shock and returning the Canadian economy to full capacity. The current target for the overnight rate is 0.75% as per the press release for 21 January 2015. The bank rate is of the Bank of Canada is 1 per cent and the deposit rate is 1/2 per

Finance and Accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Finance and Accounting - Essay Example The author’s claim makes it seem as if globalization was the only reason that so many people came of poverty during this timeline. I think that the author’s argument lacks an in-depth analysis of other factors that also contributed to the economic progress in these countries. For instance in China the governments’ policy to open up the economy into the free market was equally or more influential than the globalization movement at reducing poverty. Another factor that helped the people of China get out of poverty was industrialization (Xinhua, 2007). The globalization movement has helped China and India become major players in the global trade of goods and services. In 2009 China overtook Germany to become the world’s top exporter (Nytimes, 2010). I agree with the author that the use of free trade initiatives were instrumental in spurring economic activity. An argument that I thought was offensive to the reality of a country that is struggling to help its p eople out of extreme poverty was the author’s claim that the government and people of the Sub-Saharan Africa are resisting the globalization movement. If this hypothesis was true I would have liked to have seen some evidence to proof the author’s claim. Sub-Saharan Africa is one of the poorest regions in the world. The poverty rate of the region is expected to reach 38% by the year 2015 (Undp, 2012). The virtues of globalization would greatly help the people of Africa. Sub-Saharan Africa has deep issues that are limiting economic growth such as a lack of infrastructure in terms of roads, electricity, and water scarcity. The author in the article should have pointed out some of the constraints that are limiting Africa from reaping benefits from globalization instead of making the biased claim that Sub-Saharan Africa is against globalization. I thought that the author made a good argument in regards to the impact of trade barriers. Trade barriers are government imposed r estrictions on free exchange of goods and services internationally (Businessdictionary, 2012). A statement that I liked from the article was the opinion that the barriers imposed by poor countries against one another are more detrimental than those imposed by rich countries on developing nations. Developing nations have to learn that they have to work together to improve the standard of living of its people. The use of trade barriers are a constraint that lowers the total trade in the market because they make goods more expensive to acquire (Younkins, 2000). I completely agree with the author’s claim that the elimination of trade barriers benefits everyone. The elimination of trade barriers can also help the economy because it spurs job creation (Wto, 2012). An argument made by the author that has a lot of validity is the fact that the elimination of regulations would help investors and corporations act more freely and as a consequence prosperity would rise for everyone. Gove rnmental intervention is an undesirable action in a free market economy. Governments seem to believe that the best course of action during a crisis is to increase governmental intervention (Schuman, 2008). One of the cons of business regulations is that

Business Process Management Reflective Analysis Essay

Business Process Management Reflective Analysis - Essay Example According to Chandler’s opinion, strategy refers to â€Å"the determination of the basic, long-term goals and objectives of an enterprise and the adoption of courses of action and the allocation of resources necessary for those goals† (Mazzucato, 2002). Michael Porter, on the other hand has defined strategy as the â€Å"broad formula for how a business is going to compete, what its goals should be and what policies will be needed to carry out these goals† (Harmon, 2007). It is quite clear that there are three different phases that form the strategy. In the first phase management identifies what the company is doing now. In other words, they identify the existing strategies of the company. In the next phase it is important to understand about the environment in which the company operates in and in the final phase management has to decide about the next actions that are required to be taken. These decisions are taken by comparing the environmental situation with th e company’s existing strategies (Harmon, 2007). The concept regarding value chain is made popular by the famous management expert Michael Porter. Now it is considered as one of the most crucial sources of sustainable competitive advantage for the business organizations. The basic idea of value chain is referred to the processes that convert the raw materials into the finished products that are saleable as well as consumable. It engages the main activities of a company and these activities are organized in such a way that each of them adds ‘value’ to the entire business operation. In simple words value chain is the combination of the supply chain and distribution chain (Orcullo, 2007). Michael Porter has developed a specific model on value chain. In this model there are five primary activities that are directly responsible for value creation. In order to support these five activities, there are four secondary activities that indirectly create values. Primary activ ities are ‘inbound logistics’ that involve activities regarding receiving and storing of raw materials, ‘operations’ that involve activities related to processing of raw materials, ‘outbound logistics’ which involve collection and distribution of final products, ‘marketing and sales’ that are nothing but the activities associated with promotion, advertising, sales, channel selection etc. and finally ‘services’ that involve actions regarding the ‘after sales services’ that are given to satisfy the consumers (Van Weele, 2009). While researching, I have discovered the importance of value chain in the modern management. I have found that the concept is applicable in all types of organizations, be it a service provider or be it a product manufacturer. I have found several books and online articles that describe the basic idea of ‘value chain’. I have also found that Michael Porter has developed a v ery useful model that describes the usual value chain of an organization irrespective of the nature of business that it does. Enterprise Architecture and Business Strategy In the present competitive business scenario an integrated approach to both IT and business is indispensible for achieving desired level of success. With the expansion of business operations, today’s organizations are getting more and more complex. In order to manage extreme complexity inside of an organization

Rhetoric in Communication Theory Research Paper

Rhetoric in Communication Theory - Research Paper Example Writers and speakers have varying intentions for the message in their communication and, this determines the appropriate rhetoric for use. On the other hand, communication theories are theories that attempt to give an explanation on why people communicate the way they do. Rhetoric and communication theories are two closely related subjects. This paper will therefore analyze the rhetoric in communications theories. There are various communication theories that define the relationship between the different parties involved in communication. The theories also explain why communication takes place in certain ways. Communication theories also explain how effective communication can be achieved by improving the relationship between the speaker and the audience. Cognitive dissonance theory is an important theory in communication. Cognitive Dissonance theory states that dissension experiences are avoidable. According to the theory, people tend to avoid information that conflicts with their b eliefs (Lisa, 1975). Therefore, people will avoid a speaker whose information contradicts their beliefs and knowledge. In most situations, information that opposes the views of the audience is informative information. In addition, information aimed at persuading the audience can also conflict the views of the audience. ... Communication accommodation theory is also an important theory in communication. This theory argues that a change of communication style has direct consequences on motivation. The theory implies that people tend to vary their communication style in order to fit the audience. Although the speaker is an important factor in communication, the audience is of equal importance. Effective communication will therefore, depend on the relationship between the two parties. The rhetoric in accommodation theory aims at creating a supportive environment between the speaker and the audience. The theory argues that speakers tend to adjust their speaking styles in order to accommodate the audience (Miller, 2005). This implies that an effective speaker should have an idea on the communication style that the audience expects. Speakers are able to persuade an audience if they apply a communication style that is acceptable between the two parties. Similarly, a speaker is capable of persuading the audienc e if the communication style used match the expectations of the audience. In most communications, the audience is incapable of determining the communication or their relationships with the speaker. However, the speaker has the ability to alter the communication or their relationship with the audience. Adjusting the communication style to match the audience expectations is a proof of the flexibility that speakers have. According to the accommodation, theory speakers or parties involved in communication often tend to adjust their communication style in order to meet the expectations of the audience (Miller, 2005).. Adjusting the communication style in order to accommodate the expectations of the audience is a communication technique. Speakers apply the

Supply Chain Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Supply Chain Management - Essay Example Consumers always desired to get newer stocks and also other modified and sophisticated inventories which they considered would help meet the value of their expenses. Further the consumers also are found to order for getting the repeat stocks owing to the quality advantage obtained from such. However the present practice followed by the company in regards to stocking of the inventory created a problem for the consumers for they failed to get the right stock ordered for and also failed to regain the reorders made. The huge pile of unwanted and unsold inventories added to the problem for which the right and effective stock failed to be procured rightly and stocked for being delivered to the consumers. This problem of overstocking also led the company encounter huge losses and also blocked a large part of the working capital. This capital thus blocked could have been used by the company in other productive purposes. Thus the company not only suffers from lack of proper revenues emanating from the sales of inventories but also large numbers of complaints lodged in by the different customers for not getting the proper stocks required for. This fact in turn is found to hamper the goodwill of the firm and led the company counter a failure in the competitive business market. Moreover the presence of large number of unused and unsold stocks in the warehouse makes matters worse for specifically identifying those stocks which lead to the menace. Thus having large stocks spread around 30,000 stock keeping units create large number of problems for the warehouse manager to rightly identify and reduce the number of such odd stocks. Hence the management of Champion Electric thinks it feasible enough to reduce the inventory level so as to help in the effective management of the right and productive stock for the business concern to sale and gain considerable profit. Thus the management of the concern was found to be concerned in management of the stock levels of the firm in a sm art manner so as to help enhance the productivity climate of the organization. Hence this effective management of the stock level would help the company in firstly assessing the productive stock level and secondly in meeting the needs of the consumers in an effective manner. It would thereby save the concern in times of emergency when it required procuring products from external markets with additional amounts so as to meet customer requirements (Case, 232). A.2. President Campos of Champion Electric also was found concerned regarding the piling up of the stock levels in the warehouse leading to locking of considerable amount of financial investments rendered for such purpose. These unused levels of stocks in the concern not only made the management feel wary but also led to rise in the event of consumer dissatisfaction. Thus the president desired the effective management of such stock levels which would help the concern to enhance the level of service it required to deliver to the consumers by catering to their demands effectively (Case, 232). Thus Barb Patterson in order to abide by the order of the president was required to fulfill certain salient steps. Firstly Barb is required to identify such stocks which have been piled up in the warehouse for six months through the use of stock codes or labels in the computer. Secondly Barb is require

Particle Image Velocimetry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Particle Image Velocimetry - Essay Example a dual camera digital image capturing system which provides appropriate optical access where the two viewing angles accurately fulfil the Scheimpflug condition. [1 – 4] Stereo PIV has widespread applicability in the field of scientific education and research in which motion patterns of particles having a high degree of three dimensional or 3D behaviours are to be examined adopting a mechanistic approach involving velocity vector component analysis. Stereo PIV can be diversely used for analysing the in-cylinder flows of an internal combustion engine [5] or the flow-fields of a gas turbine combustor [6]. Stereo PIV has been useful in analysing fluid flows in thermal turbomachinery [1], artificial hear valves [7], near-wall turbulences [8], fluid-flow patterns around a circular cylinder at high Reynolds Number [9] etc. Stereo PIV is based on the standard two dimensional (2D), two-component (2C) or 2D/2C PIV. Velocity of the flow of a fluid is calculated by standard PIV by defining it as displacement vector of the fluid ∆S over a specified time interval ∆t. The velocity vector V is derived from the cross sections of the target area of the flowing fluid seeded with tracer particles by calculating their positions between two illumination pulses as: Further, Brossard et al explains, â€Å"The position of the fluid is imaged through the light scattered by liquid or solid particles illuminated by a laser light sheet. In most applications, such particles are not naturally present in the flow which, therefore, has to be seeded with tracer particles, assumed to be sufficiently small and light to move with local flow velocity.† [10] After obtaining a series of two illumination pulses, the images are separated into smaller subsections or interrogation areas denoted by IA. These interrogation areas, consisting of the image frames I1  and I2, are then intricately cross-correlated through sub-pixel interpolation. The vector map of velocity over an entire target area is

Business Skills for Proposals and Pitches Essay - 1

Business Skills for Proposals and Pitches - Essay Example In this context, people of the country have an immense demand for spa, relaxation as well as leisure pastimes. Thai Day spa will be set-up in the city owing to the fact that the available spa businesses are mostly based on beauty products. Additionally, the treatment procedures adopted in most of the spas in the city are based on western treatment style. Thai Day spa will provide beauty care and treatment services with traditional products, which will be obtained from Harnn Products Co. Ltd. Thai Day spa in the market segment of London will intend to make its presence felt with different natural products and traditional Thai treatment services in order to perform sustainably as well as to build a unique brand image. In this regard, the mission of the spa will provide a sense of well-being to our customers by quality services and natural products, and they want to return to experience again. The objectives of the spa are specific to its aim, as the spa with the assistance of the objectives will be able to develop a better customer base and brand image in the long run with differentiated products along with treatments. The people need leisure and relaxation services in order to minimise stress as well as work related pressures within a short span of time. The advantage of the spa is that it will focus on unique Thai herbal and holistic products and traditional healing philosophy based treatment services that are exclusive to the business and are not offered anywhere else in the region. These treatment facilities will be provided within a short time. Thai Day spa will provide massage as well as treatment therapies in a traditional manner practiced in Thailand. The ultimate concept of the spa will be to offer effective healing along with treatments based on holistic medicine along with Thai herbal. Correspondingly, the spa will provide different services that include Thai compress, Thai heritage massage and Thai

The Evolution of the Banking Industry Essay Example for Free

The Evolution of the Banking Industry Essay At independence, there were only two foreign banks, Barclays and Standard Chartered Banks that were dominant players in the country. Naturally, their operations were structured to support the colonial economy. Research indicates that the Bank of Gold Coast was later split into Ghana Commercial Bank and Bank of Ghana in 1957. In contrast to the existing Foreign Banks GCB was set up to provide banking services to a wider populace of Ghanaians and to support the development agenda of the indigenous government. Research indicates that the National Redemption Council, (military government) as part of its indigenization policy acquired 40% ownership in the two foreign banks but his did not change their business strategy. The main complaint against the foreign banks was that their lending policies were too conservative. During the PNDC era, two foreign banks were licensed that’s BCCI and meridian Biao. The BCCI collapsed in 1991 with a large foreign Exchange liability it could not manage. Meridian Biao almost collapsed in 1995 due to an imprudent foreign exchange exposure to its distressed parent company. After the return of democratic rule in 1992, two Malaysian Banks were licensed. The two were Metropolitan and Allied Bank and International Commercial Bank. Besides, a South African Bank, Stanbic Bank, was also licensed. The collapse of two Ghanaian banks, that’s Bank for Housing and Construction and Co-operative Bank confirmed that the financial sector required effective management of risks. The assurance was however that the new regulatory regime was more effective and so it was unlikely that such bank failure could occur again. Banks with foreign equity participation became stronger and more profitable by the year 1990. Financial experts have argued that the collapse of BCCI and near collapse of Meridian Biao raises question about how well foreign banks are insulated from the difficulties of their parent companies. An IMF study of the banking industry in 2003 stated that Ghana’s market structure was slightly less competitive than that of Nigeria and Kenya. Nigeria is however a huge economy as the economy of Ghana grows at a faster pace, private Foreign Direct Investment facilitated by Nigerian Banks may play a key role if well directed. Indications are that Ghana will become the financial hub of West Africa soon. Due to common historical experiences, Ghana appears to be a natural next step for Nigerian businesses seeking to expand their operations beyond Nigeria. Foreign Banks in Ghana include Barclays Bank, Standard Charted Bank SG-SSB, Ecobank Ghana Limited and UT Bank. Others are International Commercial Bank, Stanbic Bank, Standard Trust Bank, Zenith Bank and the Guaranty Trust Bank. The rest are Intercontinental Bank, Access Bank Ghana and Sahel Sahara Bank.

Construction Of The Questionnaire And Interview Schedule Marketing Essay

Construction Of The Questionnaire And Interview Schedule Marketing Essay Setting up a research has different approaches. In order to have a structured research paper, the methods and processes have to be clarified before starting the research. Different research styles and traditions are explained in the book of Finn, Elliott-Whit, Walton (2000). In this Bachlor Thesis, the survey method as research style and the positivistic approach as research traditions have been chosen. The lead questions will be answerd in the Descussion of the Results. The results are measurable, and the presentation of new ideas are based on the empirical data from the survey. In the quantitative research, a descriptive data analysis has been done, as it has a deductive approach. Figure 1: Generall Research Approach Theory Hypothesis Data collection Data analysis Research findings Accept or reject hypothesis Procedure and Approach The procedure and approach that was applied for this work will be explained in this subchapter. In the table below there is an overview of the approaches used: Table 1: Research Procedure and Approach Literature Review Internet, computer database, reports, articles, books have been used Methodology Deduction = The lead question will be tested Research Paradigm A positivistic approach was used Research Designs Qualitative approach Survey Method Online Survey with the program Surveymonkey External sources Regular contact with the Advisor and the external partner Hilke Patzwall (VAUDE) Data Analysis The online program Surveymonkey helped to evaluate the survey and to develop figures and graphs. (Source: Own illustration)Setting up a Research Question In February 2010 the aim of this paper was introduced in the first meeting with Mr. Luthe. With the external advisor Ms. Patzwall, there was a continuous Email contact. The lead questions and research problems were defined and set up. The lead question is: Are customers ready to buy recycled products and would they participate in a recycling program? Wurde diese Frage beantwortet?In Discussion of the results Information Search In the meantime, useful primary and secondary data was collected. The link of the survey was sent to 4500 addresses through a newsletter of VAUDE. Approximately 50 surveys were completed. This is a return rate of 1.1%. A circular mail was sent to over 500 Email addresses, which were gained through the internet. These addresses were all somehow related to the outdoor industry. More answers were gained thanks to an outdoor blog, www.outdoor-blog.com, and through a twitter account with 165 outdoor followers. The rest of the responses were received at the OutDoor Exhibition in Friedrichshafen, where the author gained 30 Email addresses. Stages in Survey Research The effects and causes through statistical analysis are shown thanks to the emphasis of Finn, Elliott-Whit, Walton (2000). A survey research is proposed with different stages. Subsequent stages are considered in the survey development; it is a modified version based on Finn, Elliott-Whit, Walton ( 2000,p. 87): 1. Appropriate conceptualization and structuring of the research problem 2. Derivation of appropriate measures of the key concepts 3. Determination of the sampling strategy 4. Construction of the questionnaire and interview schedule 5. Pre-testing the survey 6. Refining and modifying 7. Administration of the questionnaire 8. Data coding and processing 9. Data analysis and evaluation 10. Report writing All these steps combined help to get a better output, as they support the use of multiple methods. (Finn, Elliott-Whit, Walton, 2000) Pretest Set Data for Survey A pre-test was done with 112 participants. Based on the results of the pre-test, some adjustments were made. First of all, some answer options were added and also some questions were removed and formulated differently. The following big adjustments were made: Answer options added: Question 3: Which products do you separate from the usual domestic waste? Medicinal products Question 4: What do you do with your clothes which you do not wear anymore? Donate them to a charitable organisation and throw them away. Question 6: What are the reasons for the disposal of your clothes? Clothes are shabby or damaged Question 9: Why do you purchase a new outdoor jacket? Damaged Question 10: What do you do with the old outdoor jackets, which you dont wear anymore? Throw them away Question that were reorganised/relocated: Question 14 (Are you ready now, with the new knowledge gained, to participate in a recycling program for outdoor jackets?) moved to question 22. As there are more questions between the first time asked, people taking the survey really had the opportunity to gain new knowledge. Questions 15, 16, 17 and 18. (Are you ready to return your outdoor jacket to a specialist shop for a shopping voucher of 5 Euro?) The amount of money was too high. The lowest amount of vouchers giving back is 5 Euro to the highest with 20. Internet Survey The survey is on the basis of opinion survey. The needs, beliefs and behaviour are needed for my bachelor thesis. The interview form is very structured and done online. It is filled out by the consumer of outdoor equipment. As an incentive, VAUDE provides a bag which is made of recycled PET bottles to participants. The first question (Which outdoor sport activities do you follow regularly?) was to identify what kind of outdoor sports participants do. The second question was connected with the first. The aim of this question was to get a deeper look into the regularity of the outdoor sport done. To introduce the issue of recycling, the third question was about the separation of used products form usual domestic waste. Question number four had the aim to gain a deeper look at how clothes have been disposed until now. This question can be compared with question number ten, as it is the same question but instead of clothes disposal, it is about the disposal of outdoor jackets. How often the clothes disposal is done, is the next question, which helps to gain a deeper view into the habits surrounding clothes disposal. Question number six has the same aim. The first question about outdoor jackets is number seven, which shows the kind of outdoor jackets the survey takers own. The following question shows how often a new outdoor jacket will be purchased. The aim of this question is to understand why a new outdoor jacket is needed, so a connection can be made with purchase frequency. After four introducing questions about the outdoor jacket, the following recycling question is asked: Are you ready to recycle your outdoor jacket? This question is asked again at the end of the survey, question 22. There are nine questions between the first time and the second time asked. This is done because it will show whether they vary their beliefs about recycling their outdoor jackets. In question number twelve the willingness to purchase a recycled outdoor jacket is inquired about, to get information about customers interest. The next question is about the willingness to recycle, with the information, that recycling saves resources. That should show how the survey taker reacts given more information, as well as having the idea to do something good with the recycling of old outdoor jackets. Question number 14 points out the cooperation possibilities in the recycling program, it discloses the preferences. A rating system was introduced, and the respondent had the choice between three answers: ready, not sure or not ready. Four questions are about the amount of a store credit if the outdoor jacket is brought back to the store. It was chosen to ask a separate question for each amount. The idea behind this is that the participants are not prejudiced by the different amounts. The answers here are also a rating system with the same three different responses. The first question has the amount of 5 Euro, second of 10 Euro, third of 15 Euro and the last one of 20 Euro. These four questions will be analyzed and compared to gain the highest return of the outdoor jackets. Another question is to gain information about the willingness to pay a fixed recycling fee, which is paid as an extra charge on the normal price of an outdoor jacket. A following question is how high the fixed recycling fee should be, that the customer of a new recycling jacket would pay this fee. At the end of the survey demographic questions are asked, like sex, age, monthly net income per person in Euro, residence, the profession and the highest education complete. Survey Data and Evaluation When the number of surveys needed was reached, the link was closed and the evaluation of the surveys could be started. Graphs and figures were created and interpreted. The result of each question is shown fist, afterwards the six most important questions are analysed by socio-demographic data. These socio-demographic factors are: age, sex and education. They were selected as the most participants filled out these three questions in the survey. A differentiation between age and sex shows the aspects of women and men as well as those of different age groups. Another reason for selecting education was that the LOHAS differentiate from the other Lifestyles through education. The result of this analysis can be seen in chapter five. It has to be said that the work is not representative, as there are not the same amount of people in each social factor group. It should have been measured with the help of the population structure. In this short time it is not possible to do a representative s urvey as would be needed for a dissertation. This survey shows tendency and gives some further inputs. It needs to be mentioned that for the questions asked in this survey, often there is a limitation in interpreting the questions. This limitation is known as the intention-behaviour gap. It is a big gap between having an intention to do so and the actual behavior. This theory was introduced by Martin Fishbein in 1975. Aizen said a behavior is a function of compatible intentions and perceptions of behavioral control in that perceived behavioral control is expected to moderate the effect of intention on behavior, such that a favorable intention produces the behavior only when perceived behavioral control is strong. (Aizen, n.d.) For this reason the results in this survey need to be considered with care. Sadly a big gap remains between the percentage of people which have an awareness of the problem and those who take action to solve it. A study at Yale University showed that 92% are aware about the problem of global warming but it has a low priority relative to other issues. (Tan, 2008) Hypothesis In this thesis there are tree hypotheses formulated, which are proved or disproved in the subchapter 5.7, where the discussion will be presented. The willingness of a customer to recycle old outdoor equipment rises if he has a monetary benefit; either through getting back the recycling fee paid at the time of purchase or through receiving a store credit. The awareness of saving resources when purchasing a recycled outdoor jacket and when taking part in a recycling program is higher in customers above 35 than in customers under 35. Men purchase outdoor jackets more frequently as they do so when new technologies arise in the market, whereas women purchase outdoor jackets less frequently as for them the function is essential. Survey Results The survey had 202 participants but only 185 people finished all the obligatory questions. The analysis of the survey was done with the 185 complete survey responses. The personal questions were not obligatory, so there are fewer responses. Each chart which has fewer responses than 185 has a mark with the number of participants. First of all we begin with the personal information, followed by the activities. The third subchapter shows a closer look at the outdoor jackets and in the fourth subchapter, the recycling habits are presented. In subchapter 5.5 the six main questions have been analyzed with the socio-demographic factors. Socio-Demographic Data The survey was mainly sent to outdoor consumers in Germany, Switzerland and Austria, which can be seen form the chart of the country derivation of the participants. 175 people of 185 answered this question. Figure 2: Living Country (Source: Own illustration based on survey results of this study) Figure 3: Age (Source: Own illustration based on survey results of this study)The survey was mostly answerd by people between 26 to 35 with 69 answers. Followed by the age range of 46 to 55. With 15 answers, the age above 55 had the lowest participation. This question was answerd by 180 people. The sex of the participants is balanced: 90 male to 90 female. Figure 4: Education(Source: Own illustration based on survey results of this study) Figure 5: Main Activities (Profession)As it can be seen from the graph above, the education level is high. The people have at least an apprenticeship, only five participants have just a basic education. 45 survey takers have a diploma followed by 34 with a Masters degreeand 33 with a school leaving examination. 28 participants have a Bachelors degree and 25 have an apprenticeship. Moreover, eight participants have a Ph.D. and seven have completed the examination for the master craftsmans diploma. The high educational level is also reflected in the main activity (profession) of the participants in the next chart. Most of the survey takers, with 134 out of 185, are employed. 34 students took the survey, followed by 24 participants who are self employed. Three people are unemployed. (Source: Own illustration based on survey results of this study) The monthly net income shows the differences between a LOHAS curve and this surveys curve. This curve shows that over 29% have less or up to à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬1500, which can be explained by the high student participation rate. à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬1501 to à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬2500 is the next high point. The statistics of the federal office in Germany show that the average monthly net income is about à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬1300 to à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬2500. This matches the high level of a low net income, as in this survey 43% are from Germany. The second peak of à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬3501 to à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬4500 can be related to the higher net income in Switzerland and to the large number of highly educated survey takers. Only 11 participants have a net income of à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 4500. 111 anwers to this question were collected. Figure 6: Monthly Net Income (Source: Own illustration based on survey results of this study) Figure 7: Monthly Net Income (LOHAS Survey 2007) This monthly net income curve is not typical for followers of LOHAS. This fact is proofed by a survey of Burda Research Development. The LOHAS net income curve is the opposite of the survey graph. This big difference indicates that a very high number of students participated in the survey made for this thesis. Also, the weak status of the current economy could have had an effect on the net income distribution of the participants. On the other hand Wenzel, Rauch Kirig (2007) affirmed that LOHAS cannot be fixed to a social stratum, which confirms the survey of this thesis. (Wenzel, Rauch, Kirig, 2007) (Source: Own illustration based on Schmidt, Littek, Nickel, 2007) Frequency of Sports Activities Figure 8: Regularly Engaged Outdoor Sport Activities As it can be seen, in the summer and autumn, hiking is very popular. With 137 participants who execute this sport, mountain biking follows in popularity. 85 people from a total of 185 ski in the winter; this is the most popular winter sport, followed by snowboarding and ski touring. The aim of this question was to have an introduction to the outdoor section. The sequent graphs show results based on the findings of 185 questionnaires. (Source: Own illustration based on survey results of this study) (Source: Own illustration based on survey results of this study) Figure 9: Frequency of the Engaged Activities Above The graph below shows the frequency of engagement in the activities listed above. 52% stated that they engage in sport less than once in four weeks, while 49.7% do it once a week. More than 50% of all men do sport each week, whereas 60% of all women engage in the activity less than once in four weeks. After every second week, hiking is the most engaged-in sport activity. Jogging is the most popular sport to be engaged in once a week, followed by mountain biking. This graph shows that the majority who responded to this survey do not engage in sport every day. For this question, multiple answers were permitted. Recycling Habits The subsequent graphs are based on the findings of 185 questionnaires. Each question is related to recycling. Figure 10: Product SeparationFirst graph, the habit of consumers to recycle products of everyday use is revealed. As it can be seen, outdoor consumers are well informed about the recycling process and also take part in this process. 39 out of 185 people recycle all the products listed. From this number, 22 live in Germany, 9 in Switzerland, 2 in Austria, 1 in the Netherlands, 1 in Finland and 1 in Italy. While 23 of those surveyed are males, just 13 are females. Three other people did not share where they live. (Source: Own illustration based on survey results of this study) Glass and paper/carton are the most frequently recycled materials, whereas aluminum is the lowest recycled material with 62.2%, as it can be seen on the graph. 87.6% of 185 respondents separate clothes from the domestic waste. This initial question was needed to introduce survey takers to clothing recycling habits. For this question, multiple answers were allowed. Figure 11: Frequency of Clothes Disposal (Source: Own illustration based on survey results of this study)The second question was to find out the frequency of the clothes disposal. Once a year is time to put away old clothes for 35% of 185 people. 29% dispose of clothes twice a year. 27% of those surveyed clear out the cupboard less than once a year. Additionally, 6% dispose of clothes three times a year, and 3% do so more than three times a year. (Source: Own illustration based on survey results of this study) Figure 12: Reasons for the Clothes Disposal The most selected reason to dispose clothes, with 76.2%, is that the clothes have not been worn for a long time, followed by the reason of damaged clothes with 66.5%. For 42.7%, the size does not fit anymore, while no more place in the cupboard follows behind with 35.1%. Purchasing new clothes is the reason for 33.5% of the participants to disposal the clothes. 31% of those surveyed select their clothes for fashion reasons. For this question, multiple answers were allowed. Figure 13: Disposal Habits Disposal habits of old clothes Disposal habits of old outdoor jackets(Source: Own illustration based on survey results of this study) The aim of these two pie charts is to compare the recycling habits of old clothes and of old outdoor jackets. It can be seen that nearly a third in both pies are putting their old clothes and outdoor jackets in recycling bins. Clothes as well as outdoor jackets are likely to be given away to friends. While 20% of old clothes go to charitable organizations, 0% of outdoor jackets do. Instead, 2% reuse their old outdoor jackets for gardening. Another difference can be seen in keeping the clothes/jackets in the cupboard. 14% of outdoor jacket owners keep their old jackets in the cupboard, whereas just 6% keep their old clothes in the cupboard. These questions also had multiple response options. Closer look at outdoor jackets Figure 14: Assets of Outdoor Jacket This pie chart shows that all three types of outdoor jackets are fairly evenly distributed between the 185 participants. The aim of this question is to know which jacket is most represented. (Source: Own illustration based on survey results of this study) Multiple responses were possible for this question as well. 107 survey takers own all three jackets. 32 participants have just a hard-shell jacket, and soft-shell jackets are owned by 47. An isolation jacket is owned by 53 participants. (Source: Own illustration based on survey results of this study) Figure 15: Frequency of Purchase a New Outdoor Jacket Most of the customers do not intend to buy a new outdoor jacket each year. 33.5% of 185 participants buy a new outdoor jacket fewer than every third year, followed by 27.6% with Every second year and 18.4% with Every third year. Only 18.4% purchase a new outdoor jacket each year, and even fewer, 5.9% do so twice a year. Only 1.6% buy a new outdoor jacket more than twice a year. Figure 16: Purchase Reasons of New Outdoor Jackets (Source: Own illustration based on survey results of this study) Most people purchase a new jacket because their current jacket is damaged or has lost its function. New fashion and new technology are nearly on the same level, and for the majority, they are not a main reason for buying a new outdoor jacket. The following questions, in which the willingness of the customer is asked, the reader needs to be aware of the intention-behavior gap. There is a difference between the intention some have and the behavior they exhibit. In this survey, the intention was found out. For more information about the intention-behavior gap, refer to subchapter 4.1.6. Figure 17: Purchase a Recycled Outdoor Jacket (Source: Own illustration based on survey results of this study) The aim of this question is to gain an insight into the willingness of buying a recycled outdoor jacket. In terms of purchasing a recycled outdoor jacket, more than 80% agreed to do so. 16% are undecided and nearly 3% are not willing to buy a recycled outdoor jacket. Figure 18: Participation in a Recycling Program (Source: Own illustration based on survey results of this study) The question was formulated to communicate briefly to the participant that if they recycle outdoor jackets, they help to save the environment. 75% stated that they are ready to take part in a recycling program. 19.4% are unsure about taking part and 4.8% are not ready to recycle their outdoor jackets. Recycling Possibilities In this subchapter the answers to the different recycling possibilities will be shown. Also, it was asked which return system the customer would most appreciate. Finally, there will be an overview about the willingness to take part in a recycling for outdoor jackets. Figure 19: Return MethodIn terms of popularity, the way to return the outdoor jacket is by a recycling bin with 42%, closely followed by giving the jacket back to the selling point with 39%. While 14% of all respondents would appreciate a return system by post, 5% do not want any of these returning systems. (Source: Own illustration based on survey results of this study) A first method of trying to convince the customer to participate in the recycling program is with an incentive. The survey found out that with an incentive of 5 Euro, 67%, 10 Euro, 70%, 15 Euro, 74%, and 20 Euro, 80% of all respondents would be disposed to give back their outdoor jacket in a specialist shop. Figure 20: Store Credit (Source: Own illustration based on survey results of this study) (Source: Own illustration based on survey results of this study) Figure 21: Fixed Recycling Fee Figure 22: Height of Fixed Recycling FeeThe second method is that customers pay a fixed recycling fee. This fee has to be paid when the customer buys the outdoor jacket. The fee is additional to the normal price and will be paid pack if the customer brings the outdoor jacket back. 63% stated that they are ready to pay the fixed recycling fee. While more than 11% do not accept the recycling fee, more than 25% are unsecure about it. (Source: Own illustration based on survey results of this study) This graph shows the sum the customer would be ready to pay as a recycling fee. Most of those surveyed expect to pay not more than 10 Euro. In second place is 20 Euro. In third place is 0 Euro, followed by 5 Euro in fourth. Some people would not mind paying a higher amount. 11 paricipants see 50 Euro as acceptable. Figure 23: Participation in Outdoor Jacket Recycling Ready to recycel outdoor jacket at the end of the questionair Ready to recycel outdoor jacket at the beginning of the questionair (Source: Own illustration based on survey results of this study) The first question was posed before the participants had any information about the recycling of outdoor equipment. As it can be seen, 91% were willing to participate in a recycling program. Interestingly, 12% changed their minds from ready to unready after they had received more information from the survey. This is a surprising result, as after the questionnaire, fewer people are willing to participate than before. Some comments are made, which will be disussed in the next subchapter.

Organisational Change and Transformation

Organisational Change and Transformation INTRODUCTION Organisational change practice and research aims at the improvement and development of organisations for the purpose of enhancing effectiveness and responsiveness to external changes through better people management, competence, communications, systems and structures. It is not a discipline that has more practical relevance in one sector than in another: the methods and approaches of the discipline are being applied in business and government alike. Because of increasingly dynamic environments, organizations are continually confronted with the need to implement changes in strategy, structure, process, and culture. Many factors contribute to the effectiveness with which such organizational changes are implemented. Whether the change processes are essentially unplanned and discontinuous, planned and strategic, or incremental or revolutionary, they have profound implications for people management and development. Change of any sort evokes the need for innovation, creativity, learning and culture change, all of which lie legitimately within the sphere of interest of personnel and development. Professionals working in personnel and development can be central actors in the management of change in such matters as people resourcing, learning and development, reward structures and the development of new sorts of employee relations all in a strategic context. Personnel and development professionals at a senior level need to demonstrate the contribution they can make in helping people in the organisation to: †¢ Recognise and interpret the relationship between organisational vision, capability and the internal and external environments †¢ Mobilise processes that enable change processes at the appropriate level for the requirements of the organisation. There are seven aspects of change readiness according to researches, which include perception toward change efforts, vision for change, mutual trust and respect, change initiatives, management support, acceptance, and how the organization manage the change process. At its core, change readiness involves a transformation of individual cognitions across a set of employees (Amenakis, et al., 1993). It is the people who are the real source of, and the vehicle for, change because they are the ones who will either embrace or resist change (Smith, 2005) Therefore, it is vital to assess individuals readiness perception prior to any change attempt. ORGANISATIONAL BACKGROUND AND PERCIEVED NEED FOR CHANGE: For this Analysis we have learnt and understood a Chemical Company named Omega Chemical Company. Omega Chemical Company Inc. is a Canadian-based company specialized in the manufacturing of chiral compounds such as: Chiral amino alcohols, Protected chiral amino alcohols (BOC and FMOC), Chiral protected amino aldehydes, Beta-amino acids, Amino acids analogues, Building block and more Need for Change: Over the past decade, the chemical industry has been increasingly commoditized. Cost pressures have been abundant and the ability to succeed has become dependent upon highly efficient internal processes and better customer service. To better compete in this environment, one Omega chemical determined they needed to re-engineer their global ordering processes and the systems that support them. Their aim was to create the perfect order process The perfect order process would yield the following benefits: Increase customer loyalty by creating easy, flexible and reliable interactions with the company. Provide the competitive edge of a Six Sigma capable order management process. Eliminate the cost of rework. Maximize employee productivity and satisfaction by providing the right data and the right tools. The technology was available. The perfect order would assure that it is integrated to work more smoothly. This process had many components to it: An integrated desktop that would provide customers with the information they need in the shortest possible time. Technical service representatives armed with knowledge of many topics and access to many types of information everything from product specifications to product data sheets and regulatory information. Easy access to all the information sales representatives need to more quickly address customer goals and needs. A cross-business view of an account, to help them leverage relationships. A portal to the many people who contribute to serving the account, such as marketing, customer service representatives, to allow them to more easily share information. Customer service representatives empowered with all the information they need about a customer or an account from one starting point. Data from SAP, Siebel or other sources would be only a click away. In addition to speeding service to customers, the processes and systems would improve personal productivity of employees as a result of reduced systems look-up, seamless movement across multiple business systems and a consistent interface across multiple communication channels. Integrating customer segmentation and customer service rules facilitates on-the-spot decisions by front-line employees. Training time could also be reduced as a result of an intuitive customer interface and simplified screen navigation. Thus Organisational change was inevitable. Key components for organizational change for Omega Chemicals: Communication channel control intelligently routes and manages inbound/outbound voice, fax and e-mail communications Fast access to enterprise applications such as SAP, Siebel, Rail Fleet Management System Access to Intranet/Internet and other internal databases Customer Account and Contact Profiles in Siebel Activity assignment with sales, technical support and Customer Information Group Customer surveys Reporting DESCRIPTION OF THE PROCESS: Brief Assessment: Establishing a Sense of Urgency Examining market and competitive realities Identifying and discussing crises, potential crises, or major opportunities Forming a Powerful Guiding Coalition Assembling a group with enough power to lead the change effort Encouraging the group to work together as a team Creating a Vision Creating a vision to help direct the change effort Developing strategies for achieving that vision Communicating the Vision Using every vehicle possible to communicate the new vision and strategies Teaching new behaviors by the example of the guiding coalition Empowering Others to Act on the Vision Getting rid of obstacles to change Changing systems or structures that seriously undermine the vision Encouraging risk taking and nontraditional ideas, activities and actions Planning for and Creating Short-Term Wins Planning for visible performance improvements Creating those improvements Recognizing and rewarding employees involved in the improvements Consolidating Improvements and Producing Still More Change Using increased credibility to change systems, structures, and policies that dont fit the vision Hiring, promoting, and development employees who can implement the vision Reinvigorating the process with new projects, themes, and change agents Institutionalizing New Approaches Articulating the connections between the new behaviors and corporate success Developing the means to ensure leadership development and succession Our analysis finds out that there are specifically the seven aspects of an organization readiness for change. Organisation Change Process should analyse all these aspects strategically: 1. PERCEPTION TOWARD CHANGE EFFORTS Employees perception toward change efforts that take place within the company Omega is an important aspect of change readiness. Moreover, employees perceptions of the organizations readiness for change have been identified as one important factor in understanding sources of resistance to large-scale change (Eby, et al., 2000). These perceptions can facilitate or undermine the effectiveness of a change intervention (Armenakis, et al., 1993; Lewin, 1951). Employees as the target of change are central to the success of the change efforts because their attitudes, skills, motivations and basic knowledge form a significant component of the organizational environment in which change is to be attempted (Smith, 2005). Perception influences employees attitudes and behavior intention in facing the impending change. Past experiences, on the other hand, influence perception process in interpreting information that pass through individual cognitive process. Employees perceptions toward the success of previous change efforts also influence change readiness. Information related to change will be associated with the individuals past experiences by giving particular attribute toward the initiated change. Individuals have preconceived notions about the extent to which the organization is ready for change. These perceptions are likely to evolve over time as individuals develop a history within the organization (Eby, et al., 2000). McDonald and Siegal (1993), Iacovini (1993), and McManus, et al. (1995) suggested that employees attitudes toward a pending change can impact morale, productivity and turnover intentions (Eby, et al., 2000). Moreover, employees perception toward companys flexibility in facing change is also crucial. Employees perceptions of the organizations ability to accommodate changing situations by altering policies and procedures was strongly related to perceived readiness for change (Eby, et al., 2000). Employees perceptions of the degree to which their organization has the flexibility to achieve change, and the extent to which they can actively and genuinely participate in the process, are important factors in achieving successful change (Smith, 2005). Thus first step that Omega Chemicals need to take is to analyse and let their employees know the need for the organizational change to the company and their betterment by the organizational change strategies. Management need to let them know that overall benefit of this change management or organizational change will lead to organizational betterment and in turn their growth and betterment. Here Omega Chemicals needs to be very careful as it has been observed in past that employees believe that if there are organizational changes these would not benefit them, else these would be designed to get more work from them or to reduce their numbers in terms of employees size and strength. Thus Management need to draft these strategy very tactically that they can influence the employees and there betterment with these changes. 2. VISION FOR CHANGE A vision states and clarifies the direction in which an organization needs to move. Without a sensible vision, a transformation effort can easily dissolve into a list of confusion and incompatible project and can take the organization in the wrong direction or nowhere at all (Kotter, 1995). Therefore, employees understanding and comprehension toward companys vision and changes vision is very vital. Kotter (1995) also suggested the importance of creating a vision of what the change is about, tell people why the change is needed and how it will be achieved (Smith, 2005). Martin (1993) as well as Terry (2001) pointed out that a vision is an important part of a change process but leaders of organizations need to be aware that a vision should only give a direction to employees (Stadtlander, 2006). People within an organization have to have the same aspiration toward the imminent change. Strebel (1996) noticed that many change efforts fail because executives and employees see change differently. For example, for many leaders, change means opportunity both for the business and for themselves. But for many employees, change is seen as disruptive and intrusive (Stadtlander, 2006). Through active, ongoing and meaningful involvement in the change process people can be helped to see the connections between their personal work and attitudes and overall organizational performance and employees can be encouraged to embrace personal responsibility for achieving change (Smith, 2005). Personal valence, which clarifies the intrinsic and extrinsic benefits of the changes, can help develop momentum for change. Specifically, when employees see how the change will benefit them, they will begin to seek out ways to improve the transition (Bernerth, 2004). However Management Team must have answers for the query or questions raised by the employees. Therefore they should analyse under mentioned points with respect to Omega Chemicals: Operational indicators Practitioners must be able to: 1 Identify the influence of the political, social and economic environment on the organisation and change as a reactive or proactive response. 2 Undertake diagnosis of the influence of such events and processes as mergers, acquisitions, strategic alliances, downsizing, delayering. Knowledge indicators Practitioners must be able to understand, explain and critically evaluate: 1 The implications of globalisation, mergers, take-overs, acquisitions and strategic alliances in the development of organisations as dynamics in the change and transformation processes. Indicative content 1 The emergence of the virtual and network organisation. 2 The influence of concepts such as best value and changing stakeholder requirements. 3 The identification of triggers for change within the organisation. 4 The relationship between change and innovation in organisations. Change Process and Their Implications: Operational indicators Practitioners must be able to: 1 Identify the relevance of the major models of planned change and the different levels of risk they carry, and relate them to different organisational situations. 2 Help to build those processes, routines and systems that ensure transfer of information and understanding from individuals and small groups to the organisation as a whole, to influence strategic decisions and produce the foundations for new capabilities. 3 Judge what will and will not work in the change management context and ensure that the personnel and development role in the change management process is clearly adding value by helping to drive organisational improvements. 4 Make informed choices between large- and small-scale approaches to change management. 5 Assess the level of change required at different epochs in the organisations life cycle; issues of style and speed of change. 6 Analyse the elements for successful change at each stage of the process. Knowledge indicators Practitioners must be able to understand, explain and critically evaluate: 1 Different levels and types of the strategic change process: †¢ from ‘light touch to radical, transactional to transformational, continuous to discontinuous †¢ and the ways each level and type of change is likely to have different effects on people and organisational performance. 2 The ways organisation members understand, identify and use different triggers of change and transformation, both internal and external. 3 Processes for the evaluation of success, failure and risk in the change process, recognising the implications of success or failure for future change processes in the organisation. 4 Strategies and techniques for the successful implementation of the change management effort project management, participation and process management. Indicative content 1 The dynamics of change and: †¢ the strengths and limitations of Lewins fundamental change model †¢ the assumptions that underlie different approaches to change. 2 The strengths and weaknesses of the planned change approach. 3 The distinctions between emergent, planned and discontinuous approaches to change. 4 The role of the senior management group and the chief executive officer in the change process. 5 The scope of managerial decision-making in relation to change, transition and transformation. 6 Issues of ‘top down and ‘bottom-up change and reconciling them both. 7 Risk assessment/management in change and transformation situations. 8 Processes that mature, successful organisations can use most effectively in the change processes. 9 The critical significance of diagnosis to identify the need for, and the processes of, change, transition and transformation. 3. MUTUAL TRUST AND RESPECT Individual and organizational readiness and capacity for change needs to be based on a sound foundation of mutual trust and respect. It is important that a sufficient amount of trust is established to allow staff members to openly express dissenting views and compromise democratically. According to Cummings and Huse (1989), for change efforts to be successful, employees must trust not only the management, but also their co-workers (Eby, et al., 2000). Mutual respect and trust are the important foundations for an effective work team. Sundstrom, et al. (1990) revealed that organizations are increasingly implementing work teams for many different reasons; to better meet customer needs, to increase innovation, and to improve organizational productivity (Eby, et Al., 2000). He, and also Goodman, et al. (1988) found evidence that work teams can enhance a variety of important organizational outcomes under appropriate conditions. While Goodman, etal. (1988), as well as Cohen and Bailey (1997) found outcomes associated with the use of work teams include more favorable employee attitudes and other quality of work life indicators, as well as enhanced productivity and overall organizational effectiveness (Eby, et al., 2000). 4. CHANGE INITIATIVE Organizations are continually confronted with the need to implement changes in strategy, structure, process, and culture (Armenakis, et al., 1993). This is because the world has grown increasingly complex, resulting from the greater interdependence among world economies. At the same time, the world has become increasingly dynamic, resulting from the information explosion and worldwide communications (Zeffane, 1996). Without undertaking change, organization will lose its ability to compete. Without introducing adequate change in a timely and ethical manner, organizations will face difficult times and significantly reduce their chances of long-term survival (Christian and Stadtlander, 2006). Most successful change effort begin when some individuals or some groups start to look at the companys competitive situation, market position, technological trends, and financial performance. They then try to communicate their findings, especially those that are related to crisis, potential crisis, or great opportunity that may arise This first step is essential because just getting a transformational started requires the cooperation of many individuals (Kotter, 1995). All members of the organization should have the privilege to propose or initiate necessary change. But at the end it is the organizations leader who has to decide or initiate the necessary changes. Organization leaders become leaders because of their planning skills and their abilities to envisage and communicate a better future (Zeffane, 1996). However, people in the organization must be given the opportunity to be involved in all aspects of the change project and they must be given the opportunity to provide feedback (Waddel and Sohal, 1998). It is people who make up organizations and it is they who are the real source of, and vehicle for, change. They are the ones who will either embrace or resist change. Actually, people do not resist change per se, rather they resist the uncertainties and the potential outcomes that change can cause (Waddel and Sohal, 1998). If Organizational change is to take hold and succeed then organizations and the people who work in them must be readied for such transformation (Smith, 2005). 5. MANAGEMENT SUPPORT Management support for change efforts is an essential factor in creating change readiness. Armenakis, et al. (1993) revealed that the degree to which organizational policies and practices are supportive of change may also be important in understanding how an employee perceives the organizations readiness for change (Eby, et al., 2000). This, according to Beckhardt and Harris (1987), and also Schneider, et al. (1992), in Eby et al. (2000), may include flexible policies and procedures, and logistics and systems support (for example, quality equipment, monetary resources). In addition, Armenakis, et al. (1993), as well as McManus, et al. (1995) also found that the level of trust in management may foster perceptions that the organization can withstand rapid organizational change (Eby et al., 2000). Supports for change should be reflected in an effective change leadership. An effective leadership involves monitoring change, making the necessary mid-course corrections, and knowing when to initiate a new vision. Leading and managing strategic change requires that leaders have the capacity to learn from and adapt to change. In that process, organization learning is fostered in an environment of openness and mutual trust that allows people to embrace change and experiment without feeling threatened (Zeffane, 1996). One form of management support toward organizations change effort can be reflected by forming a special team. The team is responsible to conduct analysis toward influencing internal and external conditions, plan change process in more detail, identify possible risks and anticipated actions, and to control implementation including progress evaluation and conduct adjustment toward real situation. Management support can also be reflected from how change is accommodated by management through realignment of performance evaluation and employee compensation with change initiative program. Change demands sacrifice from employee. During change process, employee will feel uncomfortable with the new surrounding. Thus, sacrifice, participation and commitment from members of organizations have to be rewarded through performance evaluation and compensation. Management action toward any obstacle in dealing with change process reflects the extent of management support. Confidence that management has taken optimal steps to face any obstacle reflects the change readiness level. 6. ACCEPTANCE Change should be able to improve the organizations overall performance. However, for many employees, change can create feelings of uneasiness and tension, and as the change begins to take shape, organizational members may feel a sense of uncertainty and confusion (Bernerth, 2004). Because organizational change typically impacts how work is accomplished, an employees reaction to the specific type of pending change may also be important (Eby, et al., 2000). Employees are willing to accept change if they are convinced that the change is beneficial for them. However, many employees do not realize the benefit and advantage of change. They are only concern about the immediate result. On the other hand, the benefit of most change can be enjoyed over a period of time. Developing understanding of the nature of and reasons for change in the early stages can provide a sound base for subsequent changes and a greater willingness to take risks and extend beyond current boundaries (Smith, 2005). A well planned change would not be accomplished without the support of capable and committed change agent. Beckard and Harris (1987) argued that reshaping capabilities involves the knowledge, skills, and abilities of the organization as a whole to carry out the necessary requirements for successful change implementation (Jones, et al., 2005). Turner and Crawford (1998) discussed organizational capabilities needed for change. They proposed a taxonomy consisting of engagement, development, and performance management capabilities. Engagement is based on informing and involving organizational members in an attempt to encourage a sense of motivation and commitment to the goals and objectives of the organization. Development involves developing all resources and systems needed to achieve the organizations future directions. Proactively managing the factors that drive the organizations performance to ensure it consistently and effectively achieves the intended change is the capability Turne r and Crawford label performance management (Jones, et al., 2005). Changes always involve risks. Change involves moving from a known state to an unknown one, of ending the way things are done and doing things in new ways, of letting go. Thus, to reduce this risk, change readiness is mandatory. A failure to assess organizational and individual change readiness may result in managers spending significant time and energy dealing with resistance to change. An investment in developing change readiness can achieve a double benefit. Positive energy goes into creating preparedness for the changes and, in turn, there can be a significant reduction in the need for management of resistance once organizational revival is underway (Smith, 2005). 7. MANAGING CHANGE TRANSFORMATION PROCESS Following are the few vital steps which Omega Chemicals need to take for Organisational Change: Step 1 Getting organised Have a strong policy Make senior-level managers accountable Have a clear change-management procedure Communicate and include everyone Review and challenge The organisation should have a clear policy for management of organisational change. This should set out principles, commitments and accountabilities in relation to impact on health, safety and the environment. Ideally the policy should commit to proportionate consideration of all organizational changes, large and small; as even those not at first connected to safety need to be given consideration to confirm whether or not they may have indirect impacts on safety. Commitment and resources Although the motivation for the change may be commercial, and not obviously connected with safety, major accident prevention must be regarded as core business, not a side issue. Senior management need to demonstrate a clear commitment to safety by their actions, from the outset. There should be a distinct safety focus within overall change processes, with positive objectives. Make a senior, highly influential manager the sponsor or champion for this. They should ensure the safety aspects of the change receive an appropriate level of resource and attention. The effort and resource put in must be proportionate to: the complexity of the change; the scale of the hazards concerned; and the degree to which the change may impact on the management of major hazards. This can be by categorising of changes, with greater importance and a higher level of management approval for more safety-significant categories. Clear systems Organisational change should be planned in a thorough, systematic, and realistic way. You should follow a documented and structured procedure for each element of organisational change management. This is similar to the processes for managing plant change. The following should be clear: _ Identify the processes or activities that are to be carried out (to ensure that risks arising from the change are identified, assessed and reduced to as low as is reasonably practicable). _ Set out the protocols to be followed. _ Who is accountable and who is responsible for these activities? Getting organised checklist Dont make too many simultaneous changes, resulting in inadequate attention to some or all. Dont delay or defer safety issues c

The American Revolution And Womens Freedom Essay -- Essays on America

The American Revolution (1775-1783) was a time of great change in America. American men were fighting for their right to be free from an oppressive ruler 3000 miles away. They wanted to have their say about what went on in their own country. America won the Revolution and its freedom, but while this was going on something else was happening. Internally changes were coming about too during all this fighting. The Revolution was the catalyst for women to make progress towards freedom. Women were making economic and political gains to further women's rights. While their husbands were away at war, the women had to work and take care of the home. Women who had never worked outside the home before had to work out in the field all day now, or if a woman lived in the city she had to get a job to support the rest of the family. During this time in the city of Philadelphia, colonial women had a job either within or outside the home, and most women worked for pay. According to Karin Wulf, "These women… helped to shape urban community and urban culture in the eighteenth-century city." Ruth Henshaw a nineteen- year old girl kept a diary focusing on her work with textiles, her school teaching and her familial and social life in 1792. , Clearly by her entries it can be seen that even girls of nineteen could hold jobs, make money and survive on their own, independent of a man if they had to or wanted to. Economic progress can also be seen in the fact that many women once widowed never remarried. "As independent women, they could act legally a nd economically in ways that their married sisters could not." They were able to rent property to and from their neighbors, buy and sell goods, and have a paid job outside the home. Sure, women may hav... ... Colonies," in Major Problems in American Women's History, 3rd ed., edited by Mary Beth Norton and Ruth M. Alexander, (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2003), 52-54. "The Patriot Esther DeBerdt Reed Describes the ‘Sentiments of an American Women,' 1780." Reprinted in Chapter 4, "The Impact of the American Revolution," in Major Problems in American Women's History, 3rd ed., edited by Mary Beth Norton and Ruth M. Alexander, (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2003), 71-73. Wulf, Karin. "Rachel Draper's Neighborhood: Work and Community," Not All Wives: Women of Colonial Philadelphia (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 2000), 119-121, 130-148. Reprinted in Chapter 3, "The Economic Roles of Women in the Northern Colonies," in Major Problems in American Women's History, 3rd ed., edited by Mary Beth Norton and Ruth M. Alexander, (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2003), 61-68.

The Power of Language :: Communication Metaphorical Metaphors Essays

The Power of Language Metaphors are not only a powerful way of allowing people to visualize a message that a person is trying to convey, but they are also a creative way of putting things that we see or think about every day into a new light. Speaking metaphorically isn't always very effortless and it certainly isn't easy for the listener to make the connection between what you are describing symbolically and what you are actually saying. Many writers use metaphors because they are a unique and creative way to express common ideas and they can also be very fun. Metaphors can be positive or negative depending upon which way the author would like to go. In the articles on Science, we certainly were able to see several different metaphors used for various reasons. Particularly in the article, "The Body at War: Media Views of the Immune System" by Emily Martin we saw Martin draw a unique parallel between our bodies, (predominantly our immune systems), and larger issues concerning race, class and gender. This, like many metaphorical comparisons, might seem like an unlikely possibility for a connection, but once she begins to explain why she feels that the media's representation of our immune system is so closely related to other social issues we are forced to take a second look. The way in which Martin makes her comparisons, with her unique word choice and style, comes across as quite a powerful and convincing theory. Mary Shelly also touched on some metaphorical language in her excerpt from her novel "Frankenstein." Although the power of language here is much more subtle there is clearly comparisons being made of what we would usually assume were completely unrelated topics. Shelly does a superb job of delicately interweaving metaphors about the power of human nature and the almost insatiable pursuit of knowledge that really call for the reader's earnest attention to the detail of her writing. In Martin's article we see how she gradually begins to set up her comparison of differing anti-bodies that are present in our bodies to gender, class and race roles present in our society. Martin describes media representations of such things as AIDS awareness and immune system function short films as presenting parts of our body at war with the bacteria and disease that is constantly trying to invade our bodies. Our "self" is clearly the good guy and anything that tries to permeate our bodies without our body's direct consent is considered to be the bad guys.

The Future of Education Essay -- Teaching Teachers Essays

The Future of Education As teachers our primary concern should be the students and what type of learning environment will be best suited to meet their needs. There are many different opinions as top what the most effective or appropriate curriculum is for the students. I do not believe there is any one philosophy that can provide the ideal curriculum for each and every student. Just as there are numerous methods of teaching, there are also numerous ways to learn. It is essential that we keep this in mind as we help the students achieve their goals and discover their talents. Above all we must encourage the students to try new things and do what we can to prevent limiting them in any way. I do not feel that I completely fall under any of the major teaching philosophies, but I do mostly agree with the progressivists. The school system needs to attempt to keep their curriculum as current as possible with the ever changing technological advances. I also believe that the students will be able to retain what they learn if they are given hands on projects that pertain to the subject material. It is not my intent to undermine traditional book learning, which is still an essential part of the schooling process, but basic book learning cannot be the total emphasis of the school program. The school system should not eliminate some of the some of the classes such as Agricultural Science, Music, Art, or the Shop classes. Elimination of these types of classes ...

Organizational Responsibilities Essay

According to the American Medical Association (AMA) an impaired physician is unable â€Å"to practice medicine with reasonable skill and safety due to mental illness, physical illness, including but not limited to deterioration through the aging process, or loss of motor skill or excessive use or abuse of drugs, including alcohol† (API, 2011). The scenario presented for this assignment involves Dr. Smith a talented and skillful cardiac surgeon on staff at a local community hospital, who is currently engaged in a divorce. On multiple incidences, hospital staff members observed Dr. Smith to be intoxicated. On one of these occasions, a nurse observed him the night before he was scheduled to operate, inebriated, and notified her supervisor. On the morning of surgery, Dr. Smith called in sick. There is great concern on the part of the hospital administration that Dr. Smith may perform surgery in an impaired state, noting he recently has made errors during surgery. A Health care organization’s ultimate responsibility is to the patients it serves, and to make certain that physicians, either employed or privileged, are competent and functioning appropriately while providing quality patient care (Ohlsen, 2006). Under the doctrine of corporate negligence, â€Å"the hospital is liable if it fails to uphold the proper standard of care owed the patient, which is to ensure the patient’s safety and well-being while at the hospital† (Pozgar, 2010, p. 242). Hospitals hold certain nondelegable duties unrelated to the negligence an employee may commit. Two nondelegable duties include monitoring the quality of care rendered by the medical staff, and hiring and keeping competent physicians (Pozgar, 2010). Allowing Dr. Smith to operate with the knowledge that he has committed errors during the performance of†¦ [continues]