How Mandatory Drug Sentencing Laws Came to Be

In reaction to an increase in the amount of cocaine being smuggled into the United States and cocaine addiction epidemic proportions in the 1980s, the U.S. Congress and many state legislatures adopted new laws that stiffened the penalties for anyone convicted of trafficking certain illegal drugs. These laws made jail terms mandatory for drug dealers and anyone in possession of certain amounts of illegal drugs. While many citizens support such laws many view them as inherently biased against African Americans. They see these laws as part of a system of systemic racism which oppresses people of color. One example of mandatory minimums being discriminatory was that possession  of powdered cocaine, a drug associated with white businessmen was sentenced  less harshly than crack cocaine which was more associated with African American men. History and the War on Drugs Mandatory drug sentencing laws came about in the 1980s in the height of the War on Drugs. The seizure of 3,906 pounds of cocaine, valued then at over $100 million wholesale, from a Miami International Airport hangar on March 9, 1982, brought about the publics awareness of the Medellin Cartel, Colombian drug traffickers working together,  and changed U.S. law enforcements approach towards the drug trade. The bust also sparked new life into the War on Drugs. Lawmakers began to vote more money for law enforcement and began to create stiffer penalties for not only drug dealers, but for drug users. Latest Developments In Mandatory Minimums More mandatory drug sentences are being proposed. Congressman James Sensenbrenner (R-Wis.), a proponent of mandatory sentencing, has introduced a bill to Congress called Defending Americas Most Vulnerable: Safe Access to Drug Treatment and Child Protection Act of 2004. The bill is designed to increase mandatory sentences for specific drug offenses. It includes mandatory sentencing of 10 years to life in prison for any person age 21 or over who attempts or conspires to offer drugs (including marijuana) to someone younger than 18 years old. Anyone who has offered, solicited, enticed, persuaded, encouraged, induced, or coerces or possess a controlled substance, will be sentenced to a term not less than five years. This bill was never enacted.   Pros of Mandatory Drug Sentencing Laws Supporters of mandatory minimums view it as a way to deter drug distribution and use by extending the time that a criminal is incarcerated therefore preventing them from committing more drug-related crimes. One reason mandatory sentencing guidelines are established is to increase sentencing uniformity—to guarantee that defendants, who commit similar crimes and have similar criminal backgrounds, receive similar sentences. Mandatory guidelines for sentencing greatly curtail judges sentencing discretion. Without such mandatory sentencing, defendants in the past, guilty of virtually the same offenses under the same circumstances, have received vastly different sentences in the same jurisdiction, and in some cases from the same judge. Proponents argue that a lack of sentencing guidelines opens up the system to corruption. Cons of Mandatory Drug Sentencing Laws Opponents to the mandatory sentencing feel that such punishment is unjust and does not allow for flexibility in the judicial process of prosecuting and sentencing individuals. Other critics of mandatory sentencing feel that the money spent in longer incarceration has not been beneficial in the war against drugs and could be better spent on other programs designed to fight drug abuse. A study performed by the  Rand Company  said such sentences have proven to be ineffective in curtailing drug use or drug related crime. The bottom line is that only decision makers who are very myopic would find long sentences to be appealing, said study leader Jonathan Caulkins of Rands Drug Policy Research Center. The high cost of incarceration and the small results that it has shown in fighting the war on drugs, show that such money would be better spent on shorter sentencing and drug rehabilitation programs. Other opponents to mandatory sentencing include Court Justice Anthony Kennedy, who in August 2003 in a speech to the American Bar Association, denounced minimum mandatory prison terms. In too many cases, mandatory minimum sentences are unwise and unjust, he said and encouraged the bar to be leaders in the search for justice in sentencing and in racial inequities. Dennis W. Archer, former Detroit mayor and Michigan Supreme Court Justice takes the position that it is time for America to stop getting tougher and start getting smarter against crime by reassessing mandatory sentencing and irrevocable prison terms. In an article posted on the ABA website, he states, The idea that Congress can dictate a one-size-fits-all sentencing scheme does not make sense. Judges need to have the discretion to weigh the specifics of the cases before them and determine an appropriate sentence. There is a reason we give judges a gavel, not a rubber stamp Where It Stands Because of cuts in many state budgets, and overcrowded prisons due to mandatory drug sentencing, lawmakers are facing a financial crisis. Many states have begun to use alternatives to imprisonment for drug offenders—usually called drug courts—in which defendants are sentenced into treatment programs, rather than jail. In states where these drug courts have been established, officials are finding this approach to be a more effective way of approaching the drug problem. Research shows that drug court alternatives are not only more cost-effective than prison sentences for defendants who commit non-violent crimes, they help reduce the rate of defendants who return to a life of crime after completing the program.

The Language And Oral Communication Essay - 1638 Words

Before our society became literate, everyone communicated orally, as best explained by Goody and Watt in The Consequences of Literacy. In a related essay, Writing is a Technology that Restructures Thought, Ong reveals that the creation of the phonemic alphabet allowed humans to create new words that more accurately expressed their thoughts, which translated to their actions and speech. So in a sense, oral communication, as we know it today, is a form of literacy. Written and oral communication both can convey the same message, the only major difference in regards to communicating is that writing transcends time, whereas oral speech is of the present. As cultures become literate, their vocabularies expand, allowing them to discover the world and themselves in new ways. It was not until I read these two essays that I began to think of literacy in this way. In literate societies like ours, being educated and articulate is highly regarded, and those who have received minimal education ar e seen as inferior, unfortunately. From a young age my parents stressed the value of education, so I always strived to be â€Å"smart†. I took pride in my work and viewed it as a reflection of myself. My self-perception was entirely dependent on my literacy skills, since I did not believe I was good at anything else. Communicating my thoughts and feelings, whether orally or in writing, was a struggle. This caused my self-esteem to decrease, and it was not until I improved my literacy skills that IShow MoreRelatedEffective Communications Oral Language2441 Words   |  10 PagesEFFECTIVE COMMUNICATIONS AND ORAL LANGUAGE Oral language is the greatest use of language and is the basis of communication - in fact it is the basis of literacy. Language plays a vital role in the personal and social development of children. It enables them to gain an understanding of themselves and others and strengthens their social relationships. (Oral Language Resource Book: First Steps; page 45) Through listening and speaking students learn about themselves and about their world. LearningRead MoreELT task 3 Essay examples955 Words   |  4 Pagesany lesson. Therefore, summarizing a presentation during and after listening will help any student increase their chances of remembering important information. B. Create an activity that is meant to develop a specific listening or oral communication skill. In order to develop a specific listening skill such as hearing main ideas, teachers can instruct student to write the main ideas of the lesson presentation. The teacher can encourage the class to read aloud their main ideas. While theRead MoreVerbal Communication And Oral Communication1281 Words   |  6 Pagesoral communication skill it is the verbal Communication, there is also a nonverbal communication linked to oral communication which is simply a person’s body language and eye contact and hand gestures. This could be important because it could express someone feeling’s as relaxed and confident this mean that if there have open arms this could means that there are open and nice person .On the other hand if we have a crossed arms they may-be angry. Last and the most important nonverbal skill is thatRead Moreoutline the different forms of verbal and non-verbal communication1332 Words   |  6 PagesCommunication is the activity of conveying information through the exchange of thoughts, messages or information; as by speech, visuals, signals, written work or behaviour. It is the meaningful exchange of information between two or more living creatures. Communication requires a sender, a message and a recipient although the receiver does not have to be present or aware of the sender’s intent to communicate at the time of communication thus communication can occur across vast distances in time andRead More Teachers Options Essay1716 Words   |  7 Pagesmust to communicate the needed information. Along with this is the severity of each child’s hearing loss. Some suffer from only slight amount of hearing loss and can therefore have better verbal communication skills, while some are completely deaf and have no way to communicate besides through sign language. Another differing aspect is the type of classroom the teacher is teaching in. There are four basic types of classroom (Stewart Kluwin, 2001) that deaf education teachers can be placed in. 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Verbal communication is the most advantageous mode of correspondence that we as humans possess, but there are those who are not fortunate enough to be able toRead MoreVerbal Communication Essay1182 Words   |  5 PagesCommunication is a Latin word which means ‘to share’. It is the sharing of information between different individuals. It includes the sharing of ideas, concepts, imaginations, behaviours and written content. Communication is simply defined as the transfer of information from one place to another. This transfer of information can be shown in different ways. Communication is sending and receiving information between two or more people. The person sending the message is referred to as the sender, whileRead MoreOral Language and Child Development1498 Words   |  6 Pagesfoundational aspect of all children’s learning is oral language. Communication orally entails the ability to include four components of spoken language to incorpo rate, and build on, a child’s vocabulary and grammar. These four elements consist of the phonological, syntactic, semantic and pragmatic components. Development of a child’s language skills should form together resulting in literacy success later in life. In order to master the teaching of oral language, three strategies are used. These includeRead MoreSpeech Language And The Deaf World Essay1746 Words   |  7 PagesThroughout time, Speech Language Pathologists and the Deaf World have had a less than amicable relationship. Audism—the belief that hearing makes an individual superior—has been prevalent throughout the entire history of the Speech Language and Hearing Sciences field. As an individual who hopes to pursue a career as an SLP in the future in order to help those with communication disorders, I experience a lot of cognitive dissonance about my ties with the Deaf Community. 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Bloodless Surgery Free Essays

Bloodless Surgery| [Type the document subtitle]| Michael Jones| Abstract There have been many court cases that has made, parent who deny their child blood transfusion, to have to get one. Most time the courts will side with the parents, but if their decision not to is life threatening, the court side with the hospital. Most times it is for religious reasons that parent don’t want their child to have blood transfusion. We will write a custom essay sample on Bloodless Surgery or any similar topic only for you Order Now There are many risks associated with blood transfusion, some parents don’t want to take that risk. Some of the diseases you can get are hepatitis B and hepatitis C. HIV and AIDS can also be contracted through blood transfusion. It can even lead to death of a recipient. Is it ethical for parents to chose for their kids not to have blood transfusion. There is an alternative to blood transfusion. There are many tools and techniques to prevent the need for blood transfusion. Many doctors today are moving more towards bloodless surgery. The growth of bloodless surgery can be largely due to the number of Jehovah’s Witness patients. It is beneficial for both the patient and the hospital. More cost effective and faster recovery. I will talk about how preoperative planning is important for a successful bloodless surgery. I will touch on technique like cell savaging and Normothermia. Also introduce you to a cool tool called Cyber-Knife. I will show how Jehovah’s Witnesses and their Hospital Liaison Committee help my family when it came to bloodless surgery. Blood transfusions have been known to have many dangers. In most cases the cons outweighs the pros, causing many people to consider alternative measures. Today one of the most innovative and effective alternatives is bloodless surgery. In the event that you are faced by such a challenging yet important decision such a surgery, allow me to enlighten you on some of the statistics, procedures and benefits of bloodless surgery to assist you in making an informed decision. As we look at some of the dangers that are associated with blood transfusion alongside modern methods, equipment and benefits of bloodless surgery. We will see how these procedures have progressed over the years, and how the increase in use of bloodless surgery can be attributed to a small group of people known as Jehovah’s Witness. Witnesses as patients will not accept blood transfusion, under any circumstances. This has caused doctors to look for other solutions. The reasons why you should use bloodless surgery are the risk associated with blood transfusion. Transfusions have been used for over fifty years in clinical medicine. Within those fifty years it has become apparent that the risk such as infectious viruses, bacterial infections and even death has been linked to blood transfusion. Infectious viruses include but are limited to blood borne pathogens like hepatitis B and C. The Blood bank reports â€Å"for screened units of blood in 2007, 1 in 137,000 had hepatitis B, fewer than 1 in 1,000,000 for hepatitis C† (Nagarsheth, N. P. , Sasan, F. 2009) Blood transfusions have been associated with higher incidence of bacterial infections. â€Å"Bacterial infection was 2 percent non-transfusion patients, 15 percent for those with up to 2 units of blood red blood cells transfused, 22 percent with three to five units of blood, and 29 percent for patients transfused with 6 or more units of blood. † (Nagarsheth, N. P. , Sasan, F. 009) The more blood received in a transfusion, the more likely you are to get a postoperative infection. Many People today receive multiple transfusions. Transfusion in time develops allergenic immunization. This limits the supply of compatible blood. These numbers may seem like lottery chances, but why take the chance. Ultimately there is death. Death is not a foreign outcome of blood transfusion. Transfusion related acute l ung injury or TRALI, was first reported in the early 90’s. It’s a life threading reaction following a blood transfusion. TRALI is now known to cause many deaths each year. However, experts believe that the number of death is much higher than what is reported in relation to TRALI, because many doctors are unaware of the symptoms. The cause for such a reaction is conclusive. New scientist states â€Å"The blood that causes TRALI appears to come primarily from people who have multiple transfusions. TRALI is the top reason for blood transfusion death in the world. Jehovah’s Witnesses have benefited greatly from their faithful course. Although their reason for not having blood transfusions are not because of the negative reasons that derive from it, but because of their devout belief in God and the Bible. They obey scripture such as Acts 15; 20 which states â€Å"abstain from blood† and Leviticus 7; 26 â€Å"you must not eat any blood. † Jehovah’s Witnesses respect Gods authority and has taken their stand against blood transfusions, regardless of the outcome. If you do not agree with such a point of view, let’s examine the benefits to bloodless surgery and its advancing technology. Over the years the tools and techniques of surgery without blood transfusion has improved greatly. One tool or technique used for surgeries with a lot of blood lost is called cell salvage. This involves recovering the blood lost by a patient, cleaning it, and putting it back into the patient. This is done non-stop during surgery. â€Å"Technological advances have increased system automation†¦ offering higher processing speeds and better end product. †(Lawrence Goodnough. 2003 Vol. 4) Cell salvaging is also cost effective for the hospital and the patient. If there is a surgery with lots of blood lost, it is cheaper to use cell salvage than the units of blood used in a transfusion. Also the recovery time is faster reducing the time and money a patient spends at a hospital. How can blood loss during surgery be lowered in order to lessen the chance for need of a blood transfusion? The key is preoperative planning for a successful bloodless surgery. The first thing to be considered is the amount of red blood cell (RBC) that will lost before a transfusion is needed. This is called the transfusion threshold. Another thing that can be done before surgery is to â€Å"increase the patients RBC mass. † (Watchtower Bible and Track Society, 2004) RBC mass can be increased by injection of iron into the patient. Also erythropoietin(EPO). EPO is a protein hormone produced by the kidneys. â€Å"This synthetic hormone acts like the natural erythropoietin found in our kidneys and stimulates the bone marrow to send new, fresh red cells into the bloodstream. † (Watchtower. org)EPO is normally given 10 to 20 days before surgery. If you increase the RBC mass and lower the transfusion threshold, it allows for an even greater acceptable amount of blood loss. Normothermia is a technique used to keep the patient’s body temperature during surgery. This helps keep the blood flowing properly. Managing the patient body temperature throughout the entire process reduces the surreal shock to the body which reduces the chances of incurring infection. The patient can be warmed by a thermal suit or a machine that infuses warm fluid into the body. The position can also help reduces blood loss during surgery. Local veins pressure changes depending on the field of relativity to the heart. Low pressure goes hand in hand with blood saved. Stanford University Medical Center is a pioneer in the use of bloodless surgery in neurosurgery. â€Å"Without sawing into the skull or so much as cutting the scalp, they are curing patients whose brain and spine tumors were not long ago considered a death sentences. † (Fillon, Mike 1997) These surgeries are possible with the use of Stanford University’s computer mediated stereotaxis radio surgery known as the Cyber-knife. The Cyber-Knife is basically a robotic x-ray gun that shots small amounts of radiation into the tumor in a lot of different directions. This kills off the infected tissue without over exposing other parts of the body to radiation. Cyber-knife is a robotic arm that locks the radiation beam on to the tumor and constantly readjusts its aim in response to the patient’s natural small movement. To help doctors in providing treatment without blood transfusions, Jehovah’s Witnesses have developed a helpful liaison service. Presently, more than 1,400 Hospital Liaison Committees worldwide are equipped to provide doctors and researchers with medical literature from a data base of over 3,000 articles related to bloodless medicine and surgery. Not only Jehovah’s Witnesses, but all patients in general today, are less likely to be given unnecessary transfusions because of the work of the Jehovah’s Witnesses’ Hospital Liaison Committees. In many surgeries which doctors felt that a transfusion was needed. The liaison committee has provided them with medical literature that shows how effective EPO can be. Some did not think that it would work fast enough to make up the amount of blood needed. A number of cases have shown how quickly EPO gets results. In one instance, on the very same day after EPO was administered, the count of new red cells was already four times normal! †(Watchtower. org) My mother and father got to see how effective the liaison committee, and blood surgery first hand. When my brother was 16 years old, we found out that he had cancer in his knee. At that time there was no hospitals with a committee or doctor that would perform bloodless surgery on Staten Island. So the hospital liai son committee located Mount Sinai Hospital that had one doctor that did do bloodless surgery. My brother was put on EPO, and was the only patient that was. For all of the doctors this was their first time use EPO, or even doing bloodless surgery. They were extremely surprised how much better he was doing than the other kid’s that were having blood transfusions. â€Å"It was really sad to see all those little kids and babies having blood pumped in to them. † That is what my mother said when I was asking her about my brother surgery. She said â€Å"Junior what the only kid that was up walking around, all the other kids was in their beds look like they was about to die. † Two things happened to my brother. First he lost all his hire because of chemotherapy. He also lost his leg because that was the only way they could remove all the cancer. It is reasonable to conclude that although blood transfusion has been around for many years. With all its side effects such as, infectious viruses bacterial infections and even death. It is quickly becoming a thing of the past! With strong scriptural basis and its practical benefits, Jehovah’s Witnesses have been the main reason for the growth of bloodless surgery. Today hospitals across the world implanted bloodless programs to help meet the demand for this growing number. Along with that, doctors have developed many techniques and tools in order to be successful in bloodless surgery. Techniques such as cell savaging and blood recovery and tools like the Cyber-knife. This have allowed for more cost effective surgeries, faster recovery, lower chance for infection and viruses. If ever surgery is something you have to undergo. I hope that I have persuaded you to make the right decision. References Cantrell, S. (2010). New normothermia measure heats up patient- temperature management. Healthcare Purchasing News, 34(3), 22-29. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. Fillon, M. (1997). Bloodless surgery. Popular Mechanics, 174(1), 48. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. Goodnough, L. , ; Shander, A. (2003). Evolution in alternatives to blood transfusion. Hematology Journal, 4(2), 87. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. Nagarsheth, N. P. , ; Sasan, F. (2009). Bloodless Surgery in Gynecologic Oncology. Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine, 76(6), 589-597. doi:10. 1002/msj. 20146 Watch Tower Bible and track society of Pennsylvania. (2004) Transfusion Alternatives, Document Series. Watchtower. org How to cite Bloodless Surgery, Papers

Corporate Governance and companies Fraud - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about theCorporate Governance and companies Fraud. Answer: Introduction: The present study is based on the evaluation of the corporate governance practices of Resolute Mining Limited and Whitehaven Coal Limited. Resolute Mining Limited is an experienced ASX 200 gold mining company, which is focused on sustainable development of its long life operations (Grembergen and Haes 2017). The company makes the use of operational expertise gained from more than 25 years of constant gold production of 7 million ounces from more than nine operations conducted separately with the objective of enduring the value of its shareholders. Whitehaven Coal Limited on the other hand, a coal producing company, which approximately produces 20 million tonnes of thermal and metallurgical, coal per annum for exporting the same to the premium global markets (Dallas 2015). Whitehaven Coal Limited is regarded as one of the leading producer of some of the worlds highest quality of coal having operations in New South Wales with the vision of being Australias leading coal company. Critical evaluation of depth of each company in adopting ASX CGC principles and recommendations: The adoption of Corporate Governance Practice for Resolute Mining Limited outlines the functions which is retained by the board and the responsibilities are handed over to the management by demonstrating that the responsibilities of the board is distinct from the management. Critically the adoption of corporate governance practice is aimed at the development of corporate objectives and strategy with the help of management and approving the proposal of major new investment in capital and operating expenditure (Chen and Zhang 2014). The corporate governance principles are aimed at monitoring the actual performance against the defined set of performance anticipations and going over the operation information to understand all the times the current state of the company. Resolute Mining Limited acknowledges the necessity for the better standard of corporate governance and ethical conduct by all the directors and workforces of the company (Tricker and Tricker 2015). Critically evaluating th e depth of ethical standards and code of conduct for Resolute Mining Limited it is found that the company has developed a code of conduct which is entirely endorsed by the board and assures that CGC principles demonstrate the highest standards of professionalism and behaviour to uphold the confidence of the company. Critically, Whitehaven Coal Limited on the other hand, it is observed that the company is dedicated towards attaining the highest standards of corporate governance by safely coordinating the activities in compliance with the applicable set of laws and regulations (Board 2016). The corporate governance principles of Whitehaven Coal Limited on the other hand lays down a foundation for management and board in delegating responsibilities for implementation of performance matrix in measuring the against financial strategies. The company has the code of conduct with the objective of providing directors and employees with proper guidelines on acceptable behaviour. The code of corporate governance principles promotes ethical and responsible decision making by setting out the standards for transparent system of auditing and sustainable reporting of the company financial performance. Overall, the critical evaluation for both the companies provides the notion that the business affairs are conducted lawfully, ethically and under the strict observance of highest standards of integrity. Current practices of corporate governance: The current practices of corporate governance for Resolute Mining Limited reflect that the company CEO and CFO provides the board with necessary certainty in the areas of statutory financial reports in an effort to safeguard the integrity of corporate planning (Shrives 2013). The certainty comprises of meeting the declarations set out under section 295A of the corporation Act 2001 that the monetary records have been maintained appropriately and complies with the appropriate accounting standards. The company has balanced policy of disclosure to its stakeholders with the opportunity to access the externally available information issued by the company. The corporate governance practices highlight that the company complies with the objectives contained in the ASX listings for continuous disclosure requirements. Whitehaven Coal Limited on the other hand, complies with the guidelines set under the ASX corporate governance. The company evaluates the practices against the ASX corporate governance council and principles of corporate governance with the objective of promoting ethical standards (Miko and Kamardin 2015). The CGC of Whitehaven Coal Limited lays down the strong foundations for management and oversight towards strategic leadership actions. The company has set down anti-corruption policy that creates a standard of ethical behaviour and integrity employed in the Whitehaven Group. The CGC practices of respects the rights of the shareholders by identifying and regularly announcing quarterly reports, half-yearly reports and annual reports to keep their shareholders informed. Furthermore, the risk management approach lays down a summary the companys approach in addressing, managing and meeting the objectives of risk management standards. Evaluation of companys performance on adoption of ASX CGC principles: On the adoption of ASX CGC principles, it is found that the Whitehaven Coal Limited delivered better business performance in the areas of both financial and non-financial areas to attain its long-term goals (Larcker and Tayan 2015). The adoption of ASX CGC principles enabled the company in achieving net profit after tax of $20.5 million with a mark of improvement on the net loss of $342.7 million in the previous year. The company produced 15 million tonnes of saleable coal, which stood as 34% increase from the previous year of 25015. With the adoption of CGC principles and recommendations, the Whitehaven has delivered improved business performance with first full year profit since 2012. This helped the business to remain committed to ethical business practices with active stakeholder engagement. Transparency, accountability and integrity elements of approach is found in the corporate governance practices of the company. For Resolute Mining Limited the adoption of ASX CGC principles have resulted in successful completion of divestment of remaining interests in the Tanzania (Towers and Street 2017). This was followed by decommissioning and rehabilitation of Golden Prime Mine. The senior executive team widened with an increase in the direct reports of CEO from three to six. It further strengthened the gold sales associated dividend policy and featured an innovative option for shareholders to receive dividends in gold. In compliance with the best practices, the remuneration and nomination committee is entirely separate and distinct. To conclude with, the adoption of ASX CGC practices have benefited both the companies in achieving both their financial and non-financial parameters of business performance (Soltani and Maupetit 2015). Link between diversity of boards and companies performance: On evaluating the link between diversity of boards and gender management it is found that Whitehaven identifies that the people are the more important asset. The company is committed towards maintaining and promoting diversity at workplace. Diversity generates the ability of the group to attract, retain and develop the best talents by creating an engaged workforce so that the business is able to deliver highest quality service and continue to expand the business (Sultanaand Mitchell 2015). The board of Whitehaven has undertaken the guiding principle of diversity, which illustrates the companys aspirations for diversity and lays down lowest amount of anticipations to be met by the group on labour force diversity. The recruitment and selection procedure adopted by the company makes sure that no form of gender discriminatory occurs at the time of selecting staff and managerial personnel. The remuneration committee supervises the policy of diversity at board level. The company believes that an inclusive workforce brings together men and women from diversified backgrounds that reflects diverse backgrounds. This helps in reflecting diversity of gender, culture, experience and skills (Swan 2014). This helps in strengthening the performance of the company through exchange of ideas, opinions and skills of individuals selected from the widest pool of talent available. Whitehaven diversity policy is reported in conformity with the Workplace Gender Equality Act 2012. The financial year of 2016 has reflected a good progress to increase women participation in workforce. The company has welcomed 32 new females with 15% increase in the role of operations management. The board level executive also contains two women as the non-executive directors of the company. Resolute mining on the other hand, acts ethically and responsibly with best governance policy in establishing diversity policy. This includes the review of diversity within the company by taking into the considerations the composition of board, executive composition and employee composition by gender (Kanget al. 2013). Resolute diversity policy is applicable to all the employees and comprises of recruitment and selection process. The diversity policy includes the terms and conditions of employment together with pay, promotion, work assignment, training and other aspects of employment. The diversity policy lays down the foundation of growth of the company by promoting a high performance culture that draws diverse and significant experience, skills, expertise, perspective and unique personal attributes of the board members and employees (Jia et al. 2016). The proportion of women and men in the resolute workforce level is based on three levels in the organization and benchmark against the relevant industry wherever ever possible and remuneration by gender. However, despite promoting gender equality at work, Resolute Mining Limited lacks Workplace Gender Equality Act 2012. Resolute major recruitment policy continues to remain focussed on offering employment to best-qualified applicant irrespective of their age, gender or ethnicity. The diversity policy of the company consists of goal to contribute positively in the success of the company. Performance benchmark for remuneration: On benchmarking the performance of both the companies, it is observed that the remuneration policies governs the remuneration and nomination committee. The committee reviews annually and reassesses the policy each year for appropriate discharge of board responsibilities for assessing the performance of the business (Safari, Cooper and Dellaportas 2016). For both the companies the remuneration committee is responsible for determining and reviewing the policies of compensation in compliance with the procedure outlined by the remuneration and nomination committee. Remuneration and board composition: Whitehaven has a remuneration committee whose role is taking into the considerations the companys remuneration policy and strategy. The remuneration report is in agreement with the section 308 (3C) of the Corporation Act 2001 (Tao and Hutchinson 2013). The company annually reviews the total fixed remuneration and benchmarking it against the closely examined companies influenced by the performance and experience. 30% of the short term incentives is delivered into the rights to receive shares in the company, which is subject to meeting services based on the conditions vesting for 12 to 24 months. The long-term incentives provide the committee of remuneration with the flexibility of determining natural terms and conditions of the grant every year. The remuneration of Whitehaven is benchmarked against the correct market comparator group undertake by the board. The remuneration and incentive patter of Whitehaven is stated below; Particulars 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Revenue 1164.4 763.3 755.4 622.2 618.1 EBITDA 224.1 130.3 90.4 171 149.2 Attributable Profit 20.5 -342.7 -38.4 -88.7 62.5 Basic Earnings per Share 2.1 -33.3 -3.9 -9 10.9 Diluted EPS 2.1 -33.3 -3.9 -9 10.9 Incentive pattern of Whitehaven TFR STI LTI Managing Director Chief Executive Officer 40% 20% 40% Executive General Manager-Operations 42% 21% 37% Other Executive KMP 43% 22% 35% The board reviews the composition with the objective of ensuring the benefits from an appropriate balance of skill and expertise. The composition of board is stated below: The remuneration report of Resolute Mining Limited lays down the remuneration of executive and directs in accordance with the Corporation act 2001. The remuneration policy of board identifies the performance of the executives and quality of the directors (Li, Munir and Kilgore 2015). In order to achive its financial and operating activities the organization should attract, motivate and retain the highly skilled directors. In compliance with the best practice the remuneration of non-executive directors and senior executive is separate and distinct. The board comprises of 4 non-executive directors for RSG including the chairman and one executive director being the CEO (Thirarungrueang 2013). A total of 5 directors is appointed by the board and in terms of the office, the company constitution specifies that at least one third of the directors with CEO should retire from office each year and are also eligible for re-election. Conclusion: To conclude with the report has successfully highlighted the CGC policies for both the companies and it can be said that the companies follow the principles in accordance with the corporate governance standard listed in the ASX. The gender diversity program for the companies promotes gender equality with fair remuneration and opportunities for growth. Overall, there is an association between the diversity and performance of the organization. Reference: Board, S.C.G., 2016. The Swedish Corporate Governance Code. Retrieved 2017-02-09. Chen, J.J. and Zhang, H., 2014. The impact of the corporate governance code on earnings managementEvidence from Chinese listed companies.European Financial Management,20(3), pp.596-632. Dallas, G., 2015. Japan's Corporate Governance Code: A distinctive character.Governance Directions,67(9), p.567. Exchange, A.S., 2014. Corporate Governance Council, 2014.Corporate Governance Principles and Recommendations. Available at: https://www. asx. com. au/documents/asx-compliance/cgc-principles-and-recommendations-3rd-edn. pdf. Jia, J., Hutchinson, M. and Hogarth, K., 2016. Does firms human capital in risk management reduce the likelihood of financial distress?. Jia, J., Jia, J., Munro, L., Munro, L., Buckby, S. and Buckby, S., 2016. A finer-grained approach to assessing the quality(quantity and richness) of risk management disclosures.Managerial Auditing Journal,31(8/9), pp.770-803. Kang, H., Leung, S., Morris, R. and Gray, S., 2013. Corporate governance and earnings management: An Australian perspective.Corporate Ownership and Control,10(3), pp.95-113. Larcker, D. and Tayan, B., 2015.Corporate governance matters: A closer look at organizational choices and their consequences. Pearson Education. Li, X., Munir, R. and Kilgore, A., 2015. 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