Analysis of Service Learning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Analysis of Service Learning - Essay Example home ground for Humanity is a project provided by the non-profit store that creates additional funding to help concourse who need support in housing purposes. The project was conducted on April 28, 2015, from 1.00 PM to 6.00 pm at the Lynnwood branch and I was a member of the projects staff. Hence, I helped to tag prices on the incoming items and cleaned the floor in the store. I worked with few people who were great supporters of the project and believed in its success and utility for the society in general and for Snohomish County in particular. Ive got a parcel out of experiences concerning trading and teamwork. First of all, Ive realized that teamwork is a complicated kind confabulation that requires a lot of patience and ability to conform to other people who one works with. Also, dealing with customers, sometimes I had to be nice and appreciate the position of each and every one of them, so basically I had to understand their need s and the conditions they lived in. Though Ive managed to observe how unlike are peoples cultural backgrounds, lifestyles, customs, and traditions. It was a great experience that will foster my further learning of different cultures presented in the United States. The experience Ive got is definitely closely related to anthropology as I dealt with various kinds of interpersonal communication and integration into multiple forms of American culture. For instance, working with people of various lifestyles and cultural backgrounds made me realize the factors that affect the development of peoples personalities and such things as social adaptation, preferences, and even their styles of communication between each other. Hence, exploring different items, both donated and purchased, has made me take a look at peoples various lifestyles and cultures I also learned how peoples home appliances are related to their social status or striving to get one.

Harrods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Harrods - Es express ExampleThere is no denying the event that every person is supposed to visit Harrods when in London. Harrods is an intrinsic part of the essentially British culture and taste and has an image for luxury, which would take nothing less than an act passed by parliament or a obliging war to change or alter. However, aligning Harrods with tradition and heritage does not mean that the brand is old fashioned in its approach towards business. For Harrods it is all approximately retaining its traditional associations with luxury, while continually redefining the image in consonance with the latest, the best and the most coveted in fashion and design. It would not be wrong to say that Harrods do qualifies to be labelled as one of the worlds most prestigious luxury store and the store is well aware of the fact that it takes a continual dedication to and cognizance of the needs and aspirations of its high end customers to retain this status. Harrods offers a massive range of brands and designers to its fashion savvy customers. Thus Harrods is the right-hand(a) place for anyone who is passionate about fashion, who wants everything under one roof and who is not willing to compromise when it comes to comfort and luxury. Harrods places emphasis on the ability of its personnel to puzzle to know the choices and aspirations of its customers. .

A strong healthy economy versus a strong healthy environment Essay

A self-coloured healthy rescue versus a strong healthy environment - Essay ExampleThere is the old precept that health is wealth, which means that a healthy person can work with efficiency to earn wealth.Therefore, it could be deduced that everything begins with a disposition for health that starts from at heart and from the persons values of importance to have a strong healthy environment. When one is to reflect on the question, which is more important a strong healthy frugality or a strong healthy environment, the appropriate response to this question lies first in defining the determinants of health. According to Healthy batch 2020, there are five crucial determinants of health frugal stability, education, social and community context, health and health care, as well as neighborhood and environment. dish out it to say that these determinants are on equal footing with each other(a) meaning, one determinant does not surpass the relevance or importance of the other one, sinc e each facet is instrumental for the overall success and healthy status of the citizens. Economists could profess that a healthy economy is more important while environmentalists would indicate that a healthy environment is a key to a healthy economy (Aurilio and Sargent). However, given that for the sake of argumentation, one needs to make a natural selection regarding preferential importance a strong healthy economy versus a strong healthy environment, one is convinced that a strong healthy economy is of a paramount concern. ... Concurrently, a healthy economy eventually creates economic stability that effectively addresses an effective use of natural resources, and an appropriate disposal of wastes, among others. A healthy economy has determined the most effective use of the natural resources in the environment to make economic activities sustainable, in the long mental test. As emphasized, development our natural resource base in a more efficient way, and maintaining a large r supply of both non-renewable and renewable resources relative to demand, makes the products of a nation, a company, or a community more competitive in the marketplace (Church par. 14). Evidently, a healthy environment, per se, does not benefit parliamentary procedure in the long run but, being able to use the natural resources towards economic pursuit generate greater advantages for a greater number of people over a bimestrial time frame. People in an economically stable environment have learned to deal with issues of sustainability and social responsibility that integrates environmental protection and conservation. Church averred that measures of economic growth are effective gauges of the health of the economy growth in piggy national product has become the seminal indicator of the health of our economy If an economic activity produces directly one million dollars in product, but also results in one million dollars of costs in health impacts and demise of essential assets, common sense might lead you to think nothing has been gained. But health services and asset replacement are part of the gross national product, and using GNP as a measure, the loss becomes a gain (par. 10). Thus, through economic indicators, a strong and healthy economy and society is effectively and

Book vs. Film(life of pi) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Book vs. Film( behavior of pi) - Essay ExampleThe second part describes the circumstances that led to the ocean voyage that forms the core of the story, and the third section is a detailed description of Pis experiences at sea. The fourth and final section of the novel includes the origins sentiments and tells of Pis rescue and explains the how the story developed. Pis adventure starts when the ship they were sailing on gets shipwrecked and he is stranded on a life gravy holder in the company of a Bengal Tiger named Richard parker. In the film, Pi is accompanied by Richard Parker, an Orangutan monkey, a Zebra and Hyena. This paper seeks to discuss vivification of Pi by focusing on several points and the spirit of survival, its impact and significance in life. Pi was brought up as a Hindu by his family a characteristic that can be attributed to him being a vegetarian. As Pi grew older, he discovered the existence of Christianity and Islam religions, which he investigated and explor ed extensively. He came to the conclusion that the cardinal religions had their benefits thus he decided to practice all of them since all he wanted was to love God (Martel, 2012). This is illustrated by his conclusion regarding the ii visitors to their zoo who belonged to two different religious affiliations, yet they had identical names. Pi concluded that even though they belonged to two extremely different religious inclinations, they still sought to pull together a higher understanding and love a higher supreme deity. Pis experience with the three religions can be construed to have lively him to deal with what he faced at sea (Martel, 2012). The aspects above are better illustrated in the book than in the film adaptation because the book offers the lector the opportunity to use their imagination, understanding, perspective and insight to recreate the authors intended premise. Pi faced a life threatening situation at sea and his faith in religion can be attributed to his tri umph over adversity especially in matters of faith when he was faced with doubt. The animals that were in Pis company on the life boat served to enlighten Pi on the need of being string when faced with adversity. The Hyena be Pis life by snarling at him an indication that it meant him harm. The hyaena killed the grants zebra and the orangutan monkey then ate them after which Richard Parker the tiger killed and ate the hyena leaving it and pi as the sole occupants of the vessel. This served as a very significant lesson for pi because it helped Pi realize that in order for him to survive he had to gain control of the tiger. This incident also taught Pi that the world was only meant for the strong and those who were ready to live by any means necessary (Martel, 2012). It helped Pi realize that the world had no room for the weak as illustrated by the way the hyena eliminated the other animals who could not fight or fend keep going themselves on the life boat. Pi comes to the conclusio n that in order to secure his survival he has to establish a hierarchy on the life boat so as to facilitate a peaceful coexistence between him and the tiger. Pis use of animal psychology and training techniques he learnt from their zoo is an interpreter of how adversity has the ability of exposing an individuals hidden potential and abilities. The film adaptation of the novel is more illustrative of the above aspects because the situation on the life boat is brought to life for the audience. The theme of life is

Personality psychology Essay Example for Free

Personality psychology EssayFreud said that the goal of therapy was to shuffle the unconscious conscious. He certainly made that the goal of his work as a theorist. And yet he makes the unconscious sound very unpleasant, to say the least It is a cauldron of seething desires, a bottom slight pit of perverse and incestuous cravings, a burial ground for frightening experiences which neertheless come clog up to haunt us. Frankly, it doesnt sound ilk anything Id like to make conscious A younger colleague of his, Carl Jung, was to make the exploration of this inner space his lifes work. He went equipped with a background in Freudian theory, of course, and with an app atomic number 18ntly inexhaustible familiarity of mythology, religion, and philosophy. Jung was especi every(prenominal)y knowledgeable in the symbolism of complex mystical traditions such as Gnosticism, Alchemy, Kabala, and similar traditions in Hinduism and Buddhism. If any maven could make sense of the unconscio us and its habit of show itself save in exemplary form, it would be Carl Jung. He had, in addition, a capability for very lucid dreaming and occasional visions.In the f all of 1913, he had a vision of a monstrous flood engulfing most of Europe and lie at the mountains of his native Switzerland. He saw thousands of multitude drowning and civilization crumbling. Then, the waters bingeed into blood. This vision was followed, in the next few weeks, by dreams of eternal winters and rivers of blood. He was afraid that he was becoming psychotic. only if on August 1 of that year, World War I began. Jung felt that there had been a connection, somehow, between himself as an individual and humanity in general that could not be explained a direction.From and so until 1928, he was to go through a rather painful process of self-exploration that create the basis of all of his later theorizing. He carefully recorded his dreams, fantasies, and visions, and drew, painted, and sculpted them as well. He found that his experiences head for the hillsed to form themselves into persons, beginning with a wise octogenarian man and his retainer, a lowly girl. The wise old(a) man evolved, over a number of dreams, into a sort of spectral guru. The little girl became anima, the feminine soul, who served as his main medium of communication with the deeper aspects of his unconscious.A leathery brown dwarf would show up guarding the entrance to the unconscious. He was the shadow, a vulgar companion for Jungs egotism. Jung dreamt that he and the dwarf killed a beautiful blond y step forwardh, whom he called Siegfried. For Jung, this represented a warning most the dangers of the worship of glory and heroism which would soon cook so much sorrow all over Europe and a warning most the dangers of some of his own tendencies towards hero-worship, of Sigmund Freud Jung dreamt a great get it on ab forth the dead, the land of the dead, and the rising of the dead.These represented the unconscious itself not the little prototypel unconscious that Freud made such a big deal start of, notwithstanding a new collective unconscious of humanity itself, an unconscious that could contain all the dead, not just our personal ghosts. Jung began to see the mentally ill as people who are haunted by these ghosts, in an age where no- star is supposed to even believe in them. If we could lone(prenominal) recapture our mythologies, we would understand these ghosts, call on well-heeled with the dead, and heal our mental illnesses.Critics collapse suggested that Jung was, very simply, ill himself when all this happened. But Jung felt that, if you want to understand the jungle, you cant be content just to canvas tent back and forth near the shore. Youve got to get into it, no matter how strange and frightening it might seem. Biography Carl Gustav Jung was born July 26, 1875, in the small Swiss colony of Kessewil. His father was Paul Jung, a country parson, and his m an opposite(prenominal) was Emilie Preiswerk Jung. He was surrounded by a fairly well educated extended family, including quite an a few clergymen and some eccentrics as well.The elder Jung started Carl on Latin when he was six years old, beginning a vast interest in row and literature especially ancient literature. Besides most modern western European languages, Jung could read several ancient ones, including Sanskrit, the language of the original Hindu holy place books. Carl was a rather solitary adolescent, who didnt care much for school, and especially couldnt take competition.He went to boarding school in Basel, Switzerland, where he found himself the object of a lot of jealousharassment. He began to use sickness as an excuse, developing an embarrassing endeavor to faint under pressure. Although his first career choice was archeology, he went on to study medicine at the University of Basel. While working under the famous neurologist Krafft-Ebing, he settled on psychiatry a s his career. by and by graduating, he took a position at the Burghoeltzli Mental Hospital in Zurich under Eugene Bleuler, an expert on (and the namer of) schizophrenia. In 1903, he married Emma Rauschenbach.He in like manner taught classes at the University of Zurich, had a private practice, and invented word association at this time Long an admirer of Freud, he met him in Vienna in 1907. The story goes that after they met, Freud canceled all his appointments for the day, and they talked for 13 hours straight, such was the impact of the meeting of these two great minds Freud eventually came to see Jung as the crown prince of psychoanalysis and his heir apparent. But Jung had never been entirely sold on Freuds theory.Their relationship began to cool in 1909, during a trip to America. They were entertaining themselves by analyzing each others dreams (more fun, apparently, than shuffleboard), when Freud seemed to show an excess of resistance to Jungs efforts at analysis. Freud final ly said that theyd have to stop because he was afraid he would lose his authority Jung felt rather insulted. World War I was a painful period of self-examination for Jung. It was, however, too the beginning of one of the most interesting theories of constitution the beingness has ever seen.After the war, Jung traveled widely, visiting, for example, tribal people in Africa, America, and India. He retired in 1946, and began to retreat from public attention after his wife died in 1955. He died on June 6, 1961, in Zurich. Theory Jungs theory divides the top dog into tether quits. The first is the ego,which Jung identifies with the conscious mind. Closely related is the personal unconscious, which includes anything which is not presently conscious, but can be.The personal unconscious is like most peoples agreement of the unconscious in that it includes both memories that are easily brought to mind and those that have been suppressed for some reason. But it does not include the ins tincts that Freud would have it include. But then Jung adds the part of the psyche that makes his theory stand forth from all others the collective unconscious. You could call it your psychic inheritance. It is the reservoir of our experiences as a species, a kind of knowledge we are all born with. And yet we can never be directly conscious of it.It influences all of our experiences and behaviors, most especially the emotional ones, but we only know around it indirectly, by looking at those influences. There are some experiences that show the effects of the collective unconscious more clearly than others The experiences of shaft at first sight, of deja vu (the feeling that youve been here before), and the immediate recognition of certain symbols and the meanings of certain myths, could all be understood as the sudden conjunction of our outmost reality and the inner reality of the collective unconscious.Grander examples are the creative experiences shared by artists and musician s all over the world and in all times, or the spiritual experiences of mystics of all religions, or the parallels in dreams, fantasies, mythologies, fairy tales, and literature. A nice example that has been greatly discussed recently is the near- stopping point experience. It seems that many people, of many different cultural backgrounds, find that they have very similar recollections when they are brought back from a close encounter with death.They speak of leaving their bodies, sightedness their bodies and the events surrounding them clearly, of being pulled through a long tunnel towards a bright light, of seeing deceased relatives or ghostlike figures waiting for them, and of their disappointment at having to leave this happy scene to return to their bodies. by chance we are all built to experience death in this fashion. Archetypes The contents of the collective unconscious are called specimens. Jung also called them dominants, imagos, mythological or primordial images, and a few other names, but models seems to have won out over these.An archetype is an unlearned tendency to experience things in a certain way. The archetype has no form of its own, but it acts as an organizing principle on the things we see or do. It works the way that instincts work in Freuds theory At first, the bollix just wants something to eat, without knowing what it wants. It has a rather indefinite acheing which, nevertheless, can be satisfied by some things and not by others. Later, with experience, the squirt begins to yearn for something more specific when it is hungry a bottle, a cookie, a broiled lobster, a slice of New York style pizza.The archetype is like a sable hole in space You only know its there by how it draws matter and light to itself. The mother archetype The mother archetype is a particularly good example. All of our ancestors had mothers. We have evolved in an environment that included a mother or mother-substitute. We would never have survived without our connection with a nurturing-one during our times as helpless infants. It stands to reason that we are built in a way that reflects that evolutionary environment We come into this world ready to want mother, to seek her, to blob her, to deal with her.So the mother archetype is our built-in ability to recognize a certain relationship, that of mothering. Jung says that this is rather abstract, and we are likely to project the archetype out into the world and onto a particular person, commonly our own mothers. Even when an archetype doesnt have a particular real person available, we tend to personify the archetype, that is, turn it into a mythological story-book character. This character symbolizes the archetype.The mother archetype is symbolized by the primordial mother or earth mother of mythology, by Eve and Mary in western traditions, and by less personal symbols such as the church, the nation, a forest, or the ocean. According to Jung, someone whose own mother failed to satis fy the demands of the archetype may well be one that spends his or her life seeking comfort in the church, or in identification with the motherland, or in meditating upon the figure of Mary, or in a life at sea. Mana You must understand that these archetypes are not really biological things, like Freuds instincts.They are more spiritual demands. For example, if you dreamt about long things, Freud might suggest these things represent the phallus and ultimately sex. But Jung might have a very different interpretation. Even dreaming quite specifically about a penis might not have much to do with some unfulfilled need for sex. It is curious that in primitive societies, phallic symbols do not usually refer to sex at all. They usually symbolize mana, or spiritual power. These symbols would be displayed on occasions when the liquor are being called upon to increase the yield of corn, or fish, or to heal someone.The connection between the penis and strength, between semen and seed, betwee n fertilization and stinkiness are understood by most cultures. The shadow Sex and the life instincts in general are, of course, represented somewhere in Jungs system. They are a part of an archetype called the shadow. It derives from our prehuman, animal past, when our concerns were limited to survival and reproduction, and when we werent self-conscious. It is the dark side of the ego, and the evil that we are capable of is often stored there. Actually, the shadow is amoral uncomplete good nor bad, just like animals.An animal is capable of tender care for its young and vicious killing for food, but it doesnt choose to do either. It just does what it does. It is innocent. But from our human perspective, the animal world looks rather brutal, inhuman, so the shadow becomes something of a garbage can for the parts of ourselves that we cant quite admit to. Symbols of the shadow include the snake (as in the tend of Eden), the dragon, monsters, and demons. It often guards the entranc e to a cave or a pool of water, which is the collective unconscious.Next time you dream about wrestling with the devil, it may only be yourself you are wrestling with The persona The persona represents your public image. The word is, obviously, related to the word person and personality, and comes from a Latin word for mask. So the persona is the mask you put on before you show yourself to the outside world. Although it begins as an archetype, by the time we are finished realizing it, it is the part of us most far from the collective unconscious. At its best, it is just the good impression we all wish to present as we fill the roles society requires of us.But, of course, it can also be the inconclusive impression we use to manipulate peoples opinions and behaviors. And, at its worst, it can be mistaken, even by ourselves, for our true nature Sometimes we believe we really are what we bear on to be Anima and animus A part of our persona is the role of male or female person we must play. For most people that role is determined by their physical gender. But Jung, like Freud and Adler and others, felt that we are all really bisexual in nature. When we begin our lives as fetuses, we have undifferentiated sex variety meat thatonly gradually, under the influence of hormones, become male or female. Likewise, when we begin our amicable lives as infants, we are neither male nor female in the social sense. Almost immediately as soon as those pink or blue booties go on we come under the influence of society, which gradually molds us into men and women. In all societies, the expectations situated on men and women differ, usually based on our different roles in reproduction, but often involving many details that are purely traditional. In our society today, we still have many remnants of these traditional expectations.Women are still expected to be more nurturant and less aggressive men are still expected to be strong and to ignore the emotional side of life. But J ung felt these expectations meant that we had developed only one-half of our potential. The anima is the female aspect present in the collective unconscious of men, and the animus is the male aspect present in the collective unconscious of women. Together, they are referred to as syzygy. The anima may be personified as a young girl, very spontaneous and intuitive, or as a witch, or as the earth mother.It is likely to be associated with deep emotionality and the force of life itself. The animus may be personified as a wise old man, a sorcerer, or often a number of males, and tends to be logical, often rationalistic, even argumentative. The anima or animus is the archetype through which you communicate with the collective unconscious principally, and it is important to get into touch with it. It is also the archetype that is responsible for much of our love life We are, as an ancient Greek myth suggests, always looking for our other half, the half that the Gods took from us, in membe rs of the verso sex.When we fall in love at first sight, then we have found someone that fills our anima or animus archetype particularly well separate archetypes Jung said that there is no fixed number of archetypes which we could simply list and memorize. They overlap and easily melt into each other as needed, and their logic is not the usual kind. But here are some he mentions Besides mother, their are other family archetypes. Obviously, there is father, who is often symbolized by a guide or an authority figure. There is also the archetype family, which represents the idea of blood relationship and ties that run deeper than those based on conscious reasons.There is also the child, represented in mythology and art by children, infants most especially, as well as other small creatures. The Christ child celebrated at Christmas is a manifestation of the child archetype, and represents the future, becoming, rebirth, and salvation. Curiously, Christmas falls during the winter solstic e, which in northern primitive cultures also represents the future and rebirth. People utilize to light bonfires and perform ceremonies to encourage the suns return to them. The child archetype often blends with other archetypes to form the child-god, or the child-hero.Many archetypes are story characters. The hero is one of the main ones. He is the mana personality and the defeater of evil dragons. Basically, he represents the ego we do tend to identify with the hero of the story and is often engaged in fighting the shadow, in the form of dragons and other monsters. The hero is, however, often still as a post. He is, after all, ignorant of the ways of the collective unconscious. Luke Skywalker, in the Star Wars films, is the perfect example of a hero. The hero is often out to rescue the maiden. She represents purity, innocence, and, in all likelihood, naivete.In the beginning of the Star Wars story, Princess Leia is the maiden. But, as the story progresses, she becomes the anim a, discovering the powers of the force the collective unconscious and becoming an equal partner with Luke, who turns out to be her brother. The hero is guided by the wise old man. He is a form of the animus, and reveals to the hero the nature of the collective unconscious. In Star Wars, he is played by Obi Wan Kenobi and, later, Yoda. Notice that they teach Luke about the force and, as Luke matures, they die and become a part of him. You might be curious as to the archetype represented by Darth Vader, the dark father. He is the shadow and the master of the dark side of the force. He also turns out to be Luke and Leias father. When he dies, he becomes one of the wise old men. There is also an animal archetype, representing humanitys relationships with the animal world. The heros faithful horse would be an example. Snakes are often symbolic of the animal archetype, and are thought to be particularly wise. Animals, after all, are more in touch with their natures than we are. Perhaps loyal little robots and reliable old spaceships the Falcon are also symbols of animal.And there is the trickster, often represented by a clown or a magician. The tricksters role is to hamper the heros progress and to primarily make trouble. In Norse mythology, many of the gods adventures originate in some trick or another played on their majesties by the half-god Loki. There are other archetypes that are a little more difficult to talk about. One is the original man, represented in western religion by Adam. another(prenominal) is the God archetype, representing our need to comprehend the universe, to give a meaning to all that happens, to see it all as having some purpose and direction.The hermaphrodite, both male and female, represents the summation of opposites, an important idea in Jungs theory. In some religious art, Jesus is presented as a rather feminine man. Likewise, in China, the character Kuan Yin began as a male saint (the bodhisattva Avalokiteshwara), but was portraye d in such a feminine manner that he is more often thought of as the female goddess of compassion The most important archetype of all is the self. The self is the ultimate unity of the personality and is symbolized by the circle, the cross, and the mandala figures that Jung was fond of painting.A mandala is a drawing that is used in meditation because it tends to draw your focus back to the center, and it can be as simple as a geometric figure or as complicated as a stained glass window. The personifications that best represent self are Christ and Buddha, two people who many believe achieved perfection. But Jung felt that perfection of the personality is only truly achieved in death. The dynamics of the psyche So much for the content of the psyche. Now lets turn to the principles of its operation. Jung gives us three principles, beginning with the principle of opposites.Every wish immediately suggests its opposite. If I have a good thought, for example, I cannot help but have in me s omewhere the opposite bad thought. In fact, it is a very basic point In order to have a concept of good, you must have a concept of bad, just like you cant have up without down or black without white. This idea came home to me when I was about eleven. I at times tried to help poor innocent woodland creatures who had been hurt in some way often, Im afraid, killing them in the process. Once I tried to cheer a baby robin back to health.But when I picked it up, I was so struck by how light it was that the thought came to me that I could easily squeeze it in my hand. Mind you, I didnt like the idea, but it was undeniably there. According to Jung, it is the opposition that creates the power (or libido) of the psyche. It is like the two poles of a battery, or the splitting of an atom. It is the blood line that gives energy, so that a strong contrast gives strong energy, and a weak contrast gives weak energy. The second principle is the principle of equivalence.The energy created from the opposition is wedded to both sides equally. So, when I held that baby bird in my hand, there was energy to go ahead and try to help it. But there is an equal meter of energy to go ahead and crush it. I tried to help the bird, so that energy went into the various behaviors involved in helping it. But what happens to the other energy? Well, that depends on your attitude towards the wish that you didnt fulfill. If you acknowledge it, face it, keep it available to the conscious mind, then the energy goes towards a general improvement of your psyche.You grow, in other words. But if you pretend that you never had that evil wish, if you deny and suppress it, the energy will go towards the development of a complex. A complex is a pattern of suppressed thoughts and feelings that cluster constellate around a theme provided by some archetype. If you deny ever having thought about crushing the little bird, you might put that idea into the form offered by the shadow (your dark side). Or if a man denies his emotional side, his emotionality might find its way into the anima archetype. And so on.Heres where the problem comes If you pretend all your life that you are only good, that you dont even have the capacity to lie and cheat and steal and kill, then all the times when you do good, that other side of you goes into a complex around the shadow. That complex will begin to develop a life of its own, and it will haunt you. You might find yourself having nightmares in which you go around stomping on little baby birds If it goes on long enough, the complex may take over, may occupy you, and you might wind up with a multiple personality.In the movie The Three Faces of Eve, Joanne Woodward portrayed a meek, mild woman who eventually discovered that she went out and partied like crazy on Saturday nights. She didnt smoke, but found cigarettes in her purse, didnt drink, but woke up with hangovers, didnt fool around, but found herself in sexy outfits. Although multiple person ality is rare, it does tend to involve these kinds of black-and-white radicals. The final principle is the principle of entropy. This is the tendency for oppositions to come together, and so for energy to decrease, over a persons lifetime.Jung borrowed the idea from physics, where entropy refers to the tendency of all physical systems to run down, that is, for all energy to become evenly distributed. If you have, for example, a heat source in one corner of the room, the whole room will eventually be heated. When we are young, the opposites will tend to be extreme, and so we tend to have lots of energy. For example, adolescents tend to exaggerate male-female differences, with boys trying sternly to be macho and girls trying equally hard to be feminine. And so their sexual activity is invested with great amounts of energyPlus, adolescents often swing from one extreme to another, being wild and crazy one minute and finding religion the next. As we get older, most of us come to be mo re golden with our different facets. We are a bit less naively idealistic and recognize that we are all mixtures of good and bad. We are less threatened by the opposite sex within us and become more androgynous. Even physically, in old age, men and women become more alike. This process of rising supra our opposites, of seeing both sides of who we are, is called transcendence. The self The goal of life is to realize the self.The self is an archetype that represents the transcendence of all opposites, so that every aspect of your personality is explicit equally. You are then neither and both male and female, neither and both ego and shadow, neither and both good and bad, neither and both conscious and unconscious, neither and both an individual and the whole of creation. And yet, with no oppositions, there is no energy, and you cease to act. Of course, you no longer need to act. To keep it from getting too mystical, think of it as a new center, a more balanced position, for your psy che.When you are young, you focus on the ego and worry about the trivialities of the persona. When you are older (assuming you have been developing as you should), you focus a little deeper, on the self, and become closer to all people, all life, even the universe itself. The self-realized person is actually less selfish. synchronism Personality theorists have argued for many years about whether psychological processes function in terms of mechanism or teleology. Mechanism is the idea that things work in through cause and effect One thing leads to another which leads to another, and so on, so that the past determines the present.Teleology is the idea that we are lead on by our ideas about a future state, by things like purposes, meanings, values, and so on. Mechanism is linked with determinism and with the natural sciences. Teleology is linked with free will and has become rather rare. It is still commons among moral, legal, and religious philosophers, and, of course, among person ality theorists. Among the people discussed in this book, Freudians and behaviorists tend to be mechanists, age the neo-Freudians, humanists, and existentialists tend to be teleologists. Jung believes that both play a part.But he adds a third alternative called synchronicity. Synchronicity is the occurrence of two events that are not linked causally, nor linked teleologically, yet are meaningfully related. Once, a client was describing a dream involving a scarab beetle when, at that very instant, a very similar beetle flew into the window. Often, people dream about something, like the death of a loved one, and find the next morning that their loved one did, in fact, die at about that time. Sometimes people pick up he phone to call a friend, only to find that their friend is already on the line.Most psychologists would call these things coincidences, or try to show how they are more likely to occur than we think. Jung believed the were indications of how we are connected, with our f ellow humans and with nature in general, through the collective unconscious. Jung was never clear about his own religious beliefs. But this unusual idea of synchronicity is easily explained by the Hindu view of reality. In the Hindu view, our individual egos are like islands in a sea We look out at the world and each other and think we are separate entities.What we dont see is that we are connected to each other by means of the ocean floor beneath the waters. The outer world is called maya, meaning illusion, and is thought of as Gods dream or Gods dance. That is, God creates it, but it has no reality of its own. Our individual egos they call jivatman, which means individual souls. But they, too, are something of an illusion. We are all actually extensions of the one and only Atman, or God, who allows bits of himself to forget his identity, to become apparently separate and independent, to become us. But we never truly are separate.When we die, we wake up and realize who we were from the beginning God. When we dream or meditate, we sink into our personal unconscious, coming closer and closer to our true selves, the collective unconscious. It is in states like this that we are especially open to communications from other egos. Synchronicity makes Jungs theory one of the rare ones that is not only compatible with parapsychological phenomena, but actually tries to explain them Introversion and extroversion Jung developed a personality typology that has become so popular that some people dont realize he did anything elseIt begins with the distinction between introversion and extroversion. Introverts are people who prefer their internal world of thoughts, feelings, fantasies, dreams, and so on, while extroverts prefer the external world of things and people and activities. The words have become confused with ideas like shyness and sociability, partially because introverts tend to be shy and extroverts tend to be sociable. But Jung intended for them to refer more to whether you (ego) more often faced toward the persona and outer reality, or toward the collective unconscious and its archetypes.In that sense, the introvert is somewhat more mature than the extrovert. Our culture, of course, values the extrovert much more. And Jung warned that we all tend to value our own type most We now find the introvert-extravert proportion in several theories, notably Hans Eysencks, although often hidden under alternative names such as sociability and surgency. The functions Whether we are introverts or extroverts, we need to deal with the world, inner and outer. And each of us has our preferred ways of dealing with it, ways we are comfortable with and good at.Jung suggests there are four basic ways, or functions The first is sensing. Sensing means what it says getting information by means of the senses. A sensing person is good at looking and listening and generally getting to know the world. Jung called this one of the irrational functions, meaning that it involved perception rather than judging of information. The second is thinking. Thinking means evaluating information or ideas rationally, logically. Jung called this a rational function, meaning that it involves decision making or judging, rather than simple intake of information.The third is intuiting. Intuiting is a kind of perception that works outside of the usual conscious processes. It is irrational or perceptual, like sensing, but comes from the complex integration of large amounts of information, rather than simple seeing or hearing. Jung said it was like seeing around corners. The fourth is feeling. Feeling, like thinking, is a matter of evaluating information, this time by weighing ones overall, emotional response. Jung calls it rational, obviously not in the usual sense of the word. We all have these functions.We just have them in different proportions, you might say. Each of us has a superior function, which we prefer and which is best developed in us, a secondary func tion, which we are aware of and use in support of our superior function, a tertiary function, which is only slightly less developed but not terribly conscious, and an inferior function, which is poorly developed and so unconscious that we might deny its existence in ourselves. Most of us develop only one or two of the functions, but our goal should be to develop all four.Once again, Jung sees the transcendence of opposites as the ideal. Assessment Katharine Briggs and her daughter Isabel Briggs Myers found Jungs types and functions so revealing of peoples personalities that they decided to develop a paper-and-pencil test. It came to be called the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, and is one of the most popular, and most studied, tests around. On the basis of your answers on about 125 questions, you are placed in one of sixteen types, with the understanding that some people might find themselves somewhere between two or thre.

Internal Functions and External Relationships - NWTB Essay Example for Free

Internal Functions and External Relationships NWTB EssayThe ICT plane section is concerned with supporting the immature(prenominal) functions of the organisation and the clients extern eithery of the organisation. Its job is to ensure that ICT is being used as a support to help the other functions to operate as goodly as possible. Mr Povey has been involved in the implementation of meter kit throughout the NWTB as come up as the organisations with whom they brook a kind externally. He has also been trustworthy for helping the clients (e.g. hotels, tourist attr achievementions) to use ICT to impressively promote themselves and in crop the Northwest as a tourist destination.The NWTB is aiming for competitive advantage, e.g. they want tourists to visit the Northwest more than any other arena in the UK. ICT can act as a tool to aid in the process of competitive advantage. The ICT departments case is to ensure that whilst ICT investment comes at a huge initial follow to t he organisation, it is worthwhile, ordain provide value for m sensationy and is necessary in the long stand to ensure stability and survival for the business in the future.Whether or non the ICT systems provide value for money will depend on how effective the systems ar that are implemented and how well the user uses them. The ICT department are responsible for evaluating the systems in place and updating them as necessary to ensure they continue to support as opposed to hinder the operation of the organisations.The ICT department is split into 2 areas. The area responsible for maintenance of the current system and providing a service to the users within the organisation of the NWTB. This involves daily troubleshooting tasks like fixing broken machines and printers as well as maintenance of the net crap. It also involves the identification of training holds of those who use ICT within the NWTB as well as provision of training for those users. Secondly, the responsibility that M r Povey has of promoting the effective use of ICT to destinations across the Northwest ensuring they can compete and provide tourists with excellent service e.g. by booking rooms or tickets on the internet or over the phone. This aspect of ICT falls mainly under the Operations function of the NWTB because it is this aspect of ICT that covers the providing of a service. The NWTB provides a service to its members e.g. the local hotels and tourist destinations, helping them to occupy effective ICT systems, they in turn can provide a better, more competitive service to tourists. Mr Poveys role does not involve in any path the maintenance of the systems used by members, he simply acts as an advisor to members and can inform them of any funding they whitethorn apply for to help with purchasing ICT equipment. He does also help to identify training needs of members and organise training events.some(a) of the benefits of using ICT within the NWTB* Improved accuracy from basic write of l etters to automation of financial spreadsheets* Faster processing leading to faster responses e.g. e-mail communication between departments, purchase orders being completed using computers and so forth* Information available for management that previously wouldnt have been available in time or may not have been in enough full point or as concise* Tighter control as a result of easily accessible financial learning* Reduced be as round can be more productive with the support of ICT e.g. use of mail unify reduces the time and effort required for typing and sending a standard letter to a number of clients.* New sources of information to allow for improved marketing* Faster, more effective communication with regional and sub regional partners* Some of the benefits of using ICT to the NWTB members* Promotion can advertise to a wider audience not previously reached because of distance from the location, via Internet.* Sales improved marketing information results in increase sales. Ability to sell tickets and accept on-line booking improves sales as the business fixs available to a wider audience* Management information increased in advance(p) ticket sales and bookings enables management to plan better and so be better prepared for requirements in terms of stock levels, number of staff needed, rail style car parking issues etc.* Access to competitor information using the Internet management can research into what competitors are doing e.g. special offers and can compete with their give forwarding ideas.* Production of promotional materials management can use their own systems to produce their own leaflets and flyers so saving money on printing costs* Financial Information management can store details in an automated spreadsheet making financial monitoring and planning quick and easy.* Data store management can store information about clients on a database which requires littler physical space and can be searched more quickly as opposed to sifting thr ough a large paper based directory or file to find customer details.* Faster, more effective customer run customers can be dealt with quickly and efficiently if business data is stored on an easy to use system e.g. hotel booking systems. On some hotels customers can run up a bill using the bar, restaurant, leisure facilities etc if the business has a centralised computer based facility. Customers can see their billing information for a stay in the hotel on one printed sheet as opposed to concording hold of a number of receipts. The customer is not required to hand for services individually as they behave for everything at the end. This can enhance the customers experience of staying in a hotel. Happy customers will usually spread the joint and recommend a hotel to friends and relations as well as planning a return visit themselves. This all helps the businesses in their pursuit of competitive advantage.* more than effective communication the businesses will be able to commun icate with clients, suppliers, service providers etc via e-mail.How does ICT help NWTB to operate effectively?Suppose that there was a huge tourist event being organised in Southport. Then there are a number of jobs to be through with(p) within the NWTB to ensure the promotion and advantage of this event.The marketing department will carry out some research to establish the take out-up of the target audience for the event and will then locate on the best methods of promotion for the event. For example, texting a large group of people, producing and displaying posters throughout the region, distributing flyers, sending leaflets directly to peoples houses, radio and TV advertising etc. ICT may be used to design a questionnaire to establish the target audience and those interested in attending the event. ICT may be used to input and analyse information about the potential audienceThe marketing department will have a large database with the details of people who have been to events in the past and will also have access to information about the make-up of households in the area. ICT may be used to access databases with peoples contact details and mail merge this with a standard letter to be sent to the households of the target audience. grocery storeing will need to speak to finance about the available budget for promotion and advertising. A spreadsheet may be used to calculate the amount of money available from the NWTB budget. A further spreadsheet may be created by the marketing department to allow them to keep track of all financial transactions that take place in relation to this particular event. This may also help them to make important decisions about how much to spend on aspects of the promotion.Information will be sent to local hotels and guesthouses about the event to inform them that there may be business to be gained from the event in that people who attend from outside the region will need somewhere to stay. This may be done using e-mail and attac hments.Marketing will need to send copies of invoices and bills for the production of leaflets, posters etc. to the finance department so that the finance department can pay the bills.Administration will be responsible for word processing and sending the standard letter to households promoting the event.After the event the marketing department will need to evaluate the success of the event and its impact on the region. Was the event worthwhile to the region? They will need to collect and analyse information from a conformation of sources to assess its impact. ICT will be useful at all stages in this complex evaluation process.What are the external relationships that NWTB has?Department for Culture, Media and Sport National directDCMS champions good quality and service for tourists, from the UK and overseas. We encourage and help the touristry industriousness to improve what it has to offer for all our visitors and to promote a positive image abroad. touristry PolicyDCMS Minister s are very keen to modernise and reform the tourism perseverance, working more closely than before with the industry, and current tourism policy is focus on improving grammatical constructions, marketing, data, quality and skills, as follows* The industry has formed a upstart body, the Tourism Alliance, to represent its views better to organization and catalyse actions to help tar of policy objectives* VisitBritain was set up on 1 April 2003, bringing together the English Tourism Council (ETC) and the British Tourist Authority (BTA)* The relaunched body has a new and significant marketing role for England, including the development of e-tourism* Funding which previously went to regional Tourist Boards via the ETC will now be channelled via the Regional Development Agencies* Major reviews on quality and data have been initiated, consulting the industry and others as appropriate* Industry and Government are working in close partnership on the skills agenda, and the Government is strongly supporting the establishment of a Sector Skills Council for TourismCurrent policy as described above builds upon Tomorrows Tourism, the Governments 1999 strategy for the development of tourism in England. Good progress has already been made in delivering Tomorrows Tourism, which has also brought together a number of Government departments who are working closely with DCMS and the tourism industry to implement the strategy. Important areas not mentioned explicitly above, such as sustainable development of tourism and increasing access to tourism, are now considered as a matter of course in policy development and delivery.Support StructuresIn April 2003 the strengths and resources of the British Tourist Authority and the English Tourism Council were combined in one organisation, renamed VisitBritain.VisitBritain is responsible for promoting Britain overseas and England to the domestic market. Its key roles are to boost Britains income from tourism through professional and ef fective marketing, and to provide a framework within which the tourism industry can work in closer partnership. With its network of overseas offices, VisitBritain helps the over 120,000 tourism businesses in Britain reach overseas customers cost-effectively. For England, VisitBritain provides a central coordination role to make the most of the collective effort of all sectors promoting tourism in England to a domestic audience.A greater role in tourism for Regional Development Agencies (RDAs) in England is a major strand of the Governments programme of tourism reform. Since 1 April 2003, the RDAs are playing a stronger part in the strategic leaders of tourism, working both individually and together with each other within the new national framework for tourism strategy and marketing. The Regional Tourist Boards are the RDAs natural partners and will be funded by the RDAs, for the next three years at least, at a level equivalent to the project funding they current in 2002-03 from the former English Tourism Council. This amounts to 3.6 million per year.This arrangement excludes London, for which there are separate arrangements with the Greater London Authority.Regional Partners Other regions of the UK who all work together to help implememtn the strategy for the whole of the UKSub Regional Partners regions that make up the Northwest. They share good practise and work together to promote the region as a whole.Lancashire Tourist BoardCheshire County CouncilNorth West Development AgencyThe Mersey PartnershipMarketing ManchesterCumbria Tourist BoardThe NWTB also has a relationship with a number of smaller businesses within the sub regioanl partners e.g. small hotels, tourist attractions etc.The NWTB also has a relationship with all the organisations listed below as a business cannot function independently of these.The Inland Revenue, Customs and Excise, Insurers, ISPs, Data service providers, Computer and communications equipment suppliers, Courier Services, Utili ties,Local authority departments, Advertising Agencies, Printer Firms.How is information used in the NWTB?Operations* Purchasing* Work Scheduling- The NWTB will use this daily as they need to gain up to date information from all organisations. They will need to know where employees are in case another job comes up that is more important.* Delivery- The NWTB would need to make sure its customers where kept up to date with the latest technology, however, it is then up to the organisation as to whether they would like to utilise the technology. With small businesses the NWTB often spearheads the idea for the introduction of ICT into the business for more effective and efficient productivity. This means they may often have to supply their clients with computers in order to give them the best deal on, often, a small budget.Marketing* Market Trends- Systems for studying market trends need to record and present data as defined by the current user, whether it be number of tourists visiting one attraction, or what attractions are open at that present time. Price and performance trends are also covered.* Analysis of competitive activity- The NWTB will be trying to make the northwestern the best tourist destination in order to improve its reputation. They are constantly in competition with the other regions in the country. Within the NWTB you can sub-section the industry into different attractions, e.g. Hotels in one category and entertainment complexes in another. These sub- categories are in each have their own levels of competition in the northwest.* Planning and abstract of promotional campaigns- This is vital to the efficient running of the NWTB, they target not only small businesses in the promotions, but also the larger more established organisations that have more power to bring more tourists.Sales* Receiving and logging of customer orders* Invoice production* Customer details* Recording all sales visits and other sales activityThe ICT department have an import ant role in designing, introducing, and developing e-commerce systems. E-commerce is one of many ways a client of the NWTB can become a much more successful firm without the need of expansion. It allows small firms to broaden horizons, they do however take a number of months to become lucrative and implementing them often takes a lot of time and effort, however, in the market today it is very easy to provide e-commerce safely and securely.The sales department would also keep a list of customers and clients on record. They will use these to keep details like address, e-mail address, buying history, current sale status, and sales person dealt with in the transaction.Research and Design* Product design- The design process would be carried out using CAD, this allows the design department to produce lots of designs very quickly, it also allows the drawings to be much more accurate. This process also allows designs to be inter-compatible.* Engineering design- Due to CAD the design proces s becomes much quicker, in the production of advertisements it becomes much easier to trim motion clips on a computer very quickly. On a static poster you can retouch the elements present within it.* Analysis of new developmentsFinance* Sales, purchase and nominal ledgers* Credit control* Payroll* Payments in and out, including EFT* Budgets, projections and accounts* Historical financial recordsFinance has to be able to give instant statements on the financial situation in the company to the directors, on request.EFT stands for electronic funds transfer. It refers to any use of computers in making payments to organisations or individuals. It is a rapid way of transferring money, but raises doubts about security.These administrative applications are largely similar between one organisation and another. There is nonetheless an important task for ICT to advise on the particular software products to be obtained.Administration* Personnel records and pension scheme- personnel records inc lude, for each employee name, home address and telephone number, NI number, employee number and department, DOB, sex, date of connective company, job history before joining company, job history since joining, training, qualifications and skills.* Legal and statutory matters* Insurance* External authorities and contractors* Board meetings and annual general meetingsAs with the finance department, many of the systems used are universal throughout many different companies. The advice of ICT is likely to be both helpful to users and able to support the organisations policies on standardisation.The ICT DepartmentOne of the key roles of the ICT department is to explain the advantages that may be available for managers and their departments of making greater use of computer-based systems. The team needs to explain the structure and characteristics of ICT projects.Another important task of ICT is to devise and manage centralised systems in the following areas* Procurement of computer equip ment* Procurement of computing and communications equipment* Use of e-mail and other Internet access procedures* System development, testing and standardisation

Public administration Essay Example for Free

commonplace giving medication EssayEthics is a difficult term to define. The meaning, nature and scope of moral school of thought have expanded in the course of time. Ethics is integral to frequent administration. In public administration, devotion focuses on how the public executive director should question and ruminate in order to be able to action responsibly. We cannot simply bifurcate the two by saying that ethics deals with morals and set, season public administration is about actions and decisions. Administering accountability and ethics is a difficult task.The 1 levels of ethics in presidency argon dependent on the accessible, economic, political, cultural, legal-judicial and historical contexts of the country. These specific factors act ethics in public administrative clays. This brotherly unit impart discuss the meaning, evolution, foci and concerns of ethics. It will bring out the different dimensions of ethics and their relevance for public adminis tration. The deduction of an good code for administrators will be analysed and the nature of perish ethics will be discussed. This Unit will also examine the obstacles to honourable accountability.21. 2 ethics MEANING AND RELEVANCE Ethics is a carcass of accepted beliefs, mores and values, which turn benevolent behaviour. More specific tout ensembley, it is a corpse based on morals. Thus, ethics is the study of what is morally right, and what is not. The Latin origin of the word ethics is ethicus that means character. Since the early 17th century, ethics has been accepted as the Science of morals the rules of conduct, the science of human duty. Hence, in common parlance, ethics is treated as moral principles that control a persons or a groups behaviour.It includes both the science of the good and the nature of the right. The honest concerns of administration have been underscored widely in Indian scriptures and other treatises such as Rawhitethornana, Mahabharata, Bha gvad Gita, Buddha Charita, Arthashastra, Panchatantra, Manusmriti, Kural, Shukra Niti, Kadambari, Raja Tarangani, and Hitopadesh. At the same time, one cannot ignore the maxims on ethical governance provided by the Chinese philosophers such as Lao Tse, Confucius and Mencius. In the Western philosophy, there are three eminent schools of ethics.The first, inspired by Aristotle, h gray-haireds that virtues (such as justice, charity and generosity) are dispositions to act in panaches that benefit the possessor of these virtues and the federation of which he is a part. The second, subscribed to mainly by Immanual Kant, makes the concept of duty central to morality human beings are bound, from a knowledge of their duty as rational beings, to observe the categorical imperative to lever other rational beings with whom they interact. The third is the Utilitarian view phase that asserts that the guiding principle of conduct should be the sterling(prenominal) happiness (or benefit) of the greatest number (Hobson, 2002).The Western thought is full of ethical guidelines to rulers, whether in a monarchy or a democracy. These concerns are found in the writings of Plato, Aristotle, Thomas Jefferson, horse parsley Hamilton, Thomas Penn, John Stuart Mill, Edmund Burke, and others. Rawls theory of justice r produces around the adaptation of two fundamental principles of justice, which would, in turn, guarantee a just and morally welcome society. The first principle guarantees the right of each person to have the most extensive basic liberty compatible with liberty of others.The second principle states that social and economic positions are to be (a) To everyones advantage, and (b) Open to all. A key issue for Rawls is to show how such principles would be universally take, and over here his work borders on general ethical issues. He introduces a theoretical veil of ignorance in which all players in the social game would be placed in a situation, which is called the orig inal position. Having only a general knowledge about the facts of life and society each player is to make a rationally prudential choice concerning the kind of social institution they would enter into contract with.By denying the players every specific information about themselves it forces them to adopt a verbalise point of view that bears a fast resemblance to the moral point of view. This view point revolves around moral conclusions can be reached without abandoning the prudential base and posting a moral outlook merely by pursuing ones own prudential reasoning under certain adjectival bargaining. 2 The gist of wisdom on administrative ethics is that the public administrators are the guardians of the Administrative State. Hence, they are judge to honour public trust and not violate it.Two crucial questions raised in this context are why should guardians be guarded? And Who guards the guardian? (Rosenbloom and Kravchuk, 2005). The administrators need to be guarded against th eir list to misconceive public interest, promote self-interest, indulge in turpitude and cause subversion of national interest. And they need to be guarded by the external institutions such as the judiciary, legislature, political executive, media and civil society organisations. These various modes of learn become instruments of accountability. 21. 3 EVOLUTION OF ETHICAL CONCERNS IN ADMINISTRATIONIt is essential to recognise that the delay of universe cheek has been broadly influenced in the initial stages of its offshoot, by brassal Science and the science of Management. While the philosophic premises of Public Administration were influenced to begin with by Political Science, its technological facet was designed by Management Sciences. The early Political Science was taught as Moral Philosophy and Political Economy, while its veritable curriculum is the product of secular, practical, empirical and scientific tendencies of the past century.The American students of Poli tical Science, in the early years of the last century, were dismayed at the inadequacies of the ethical approach in the Gilded Age. As a result of their interaction with the German universities and the influence on their intellection by scholars such as J. N Burgess, E. J. James, A. B Hart, A. L Lovell, and F. J Goodnow, they sought to recreate Political Science as a true science. They became increasingly interested in observing and analysing true governments. Natural and Social Sciences substantially influenced their ideas and approaches.Later, Logical Positivism of the Austrian School influenced scholars such as Herbert Simon and thus there emerged a booming faith in developing a Science of Politics and a Science of Administration that would be able to predict and control political and administrative life. As Dwight Waldo comments, the old belief that good government was the government of moral men was thus replaced by a morality that was irrelevant and that proper institutions and expert personnel were the determine factors in shaping good government.The new amorality became almost a request for professional respect. The eminence of Behaviouralism until the mid-1960s further marginalised the ethical issues in the study of Political Science and Public Administration. It was only after the advent of Post-behaviouralism in Political Science and of the accent on New Public Administration in Public Administration that the scientific methods of Behaviouralim and humanistic (read ethical) values struck a homogenous chord with administration and the dispute between facts and values was resolved substantially.The current discipline of public administration accords primacy to the values of equity, justice, humanism, human rights, gender equality and compassion. The movement of Good giving medication, initiated by the World Bank in 1992, lays assay, inter alia, on the ethical and moral conduct of administrators. While the New Public Management movement is more con cerned with administrative effectiveness, the New Public Administration focuses on administrative ethics in its broader manifestation.Both the movements are complementary to each other. This complementarity of foci 3 is as truer today as it was a hundred years agone when the industrial world was experiencing the rise of Scientific Management amidst a strong acceptance of the notion of administrative responsibility. John Kennedy, during his Presidency (19611963) had averred No responsibility of government is more fundamental than the responsibility of maintaining the higher standards of ethical behaviour.The ideal-type nameion of bureaucracy, propounded by Max Weber also highlighted an ethical imperative of bureaucratic behaviour. Weber (1947) detect In the rational type, it is a matter of principle that the members of the administrative staff should be completely separated from ownership of the means of production and administration. Officials, employees and workers attached to th e administrative staff do not themselves own the non-human means of production and administration.These exists, furthermore, in principle complete separation of property be commodiousing to the organisation, which is controlled within the line of business of office, and the personal property of the official, which is available for his own private uses. Webers analysis underscores the need to prevent the misuse of an official position for personal gains. Although his ideal-type construct on bureaucracy is not empirical, yet it has an empirical flavour, for it appears to have taken into account the existential reality of bureaucratic behaviour.From a normative angle discriminating that Weber was not normative in his ideal type constructs also, the message is clear Dont misuse official property for personal benefit. well-nigh critics of real-world bureaucracies, including Harold Laski, Carl Friedrich, Victor Thompson and Warren Bennis, have criticised bureaucrats for violating the prescribed norms of moral conduct. Even Fred Riggs, while discussing the traits of a prismatic society like formalism and nepotism points out the yawning open up between the ideal and the real in administrative behaviour.The deviations from the norms and mores have been too glaring to be ignored. Immoral behaviour thus has become an integral member of bureaupathology 21. 4 CONTEXT OF ETHICS AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE FOR PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION Ethics, whether in an entire society, or in a social sub- outline, evolves over a long period of time and is influenced, during its nurturance and growth, by a variety of environmental factors. Administrative ethics is no different. It is the product of some(prenominal) contextual structures and it never ceases to grow and change. allow us now look at some of these contextual factors that influence ethics in the public administrative systems The Historical Context The history of a country scars a great influence on the ethical character of the g overnance system. The Spoils System in the USA during the initial phase of the American nation vitiated the ethical milieu of the American Public Administration. To victor belong the spoils asserted American President Jackson. Things would have continued the same way had not a disgruntled job seeker assassinated President Garfield in 1881.Garfields assassination spurred the process of civil service reforms in the USA, and the linguistic context up of the US. Civil Service Commission in 1883 was the first major step in this direction. India has witnessed a long history of unethical practices in the governance system. Kautilyas Arthashastra mentions a variety of corrupt practices in which the administrators of those times indulged themselves. The Mughal Empire and the Indian princely rule were also afflicted with the corrupt practices of the courtiers and 4administrative functionaries, with bakashish being one of the accepted means of selling and buying favours. The East India Compan y too had its share of employees who were criticised even by the British parliamentarians for being corrupt. The forces of righteousness and immorality co-exist in all phases of human history. Which forces are stronger depends upon the detain these get from the prime actors of politico-administrative system. What is disturbing is that a long legacy of unethical practices in governance is likely to enhance the tolerance level for administrative immorality.In most developing nations having a colonial history, the chasm between the people and the government continues to be wide. In the colonial era, the legitimacy of the governance was not accepted willingly by a majority of population and therefore, true loyalty to the rulers was a rare phenomenon. Although the outdo between the governing elite and the citizens has been reduced substantially in the transformed democratic regimes, yet the affinity and trust between the two has not been enumerate even in the new dispensation.Unfortu nately, even the ruling elite does not seem to have imbibed the spirit of emotional unity with the citizens. The legacy of competitive quislingism between the people and the administrators continues to exist. The nature of this relationship has an adverse impact on administrative ethics. The Socio-cultural Context Values that permeate the social order in a society determine the nature of governance system. The Indian society today seems to prefer wealth to any other value. And in the process of generating wealth, the means-ends delve has been sidelined.Unfortunately, ends have gained supremacy and the means do not command an equal respect. A quest for wealth in itself is not bad. In fact, it is a mark of civilisational progress. What is important is the means employed while being engaged in this quest. We seem to be living in an economic or commercial society, where uni-dimensional growth of individuals seem to be accepted and even valued, where ends have been subdued by means, an d ideals have been submerged under the weight of more practical concerns of economic progress. potful we change this social order?Mahatma Gandhi very much wanted to transform the priority-order of the Indian society, but there were hardly any takers or backers of his radical thinking that was steeped in a strong moral order. To put it bluntly, ever since Gandhi passed away, there has been not a single strong voice in independent India contest the supremacy of teleology and unidimensionalism. Neither have our family values questioned this unilinear growth of society nor has our educational system made serious efforts to inject morality into the waxy minds of our youth.We have starkly failed on these fronts. The need is to evolve fresh perspectives on what kind of the Indians we wish to evolve and how? Till then, efforts will have to be focused on the non-social fronts. The issues of morality may or may not be rooted in the spectral ethos of a society. Indian ghostly scriptures d o not favour followers of wealth through foul means. Interestingly, Thiru Valluvars Kural, written two thousand years ago in Tamil Nadu, emphasises that earning wealth brings fame, respect and an opportunity to succor and serve others, but it should be earned through right means only.Can this dictum form the basis of our socio-moral orientation? The level of integrity among Protestants and Parsees is believed by some to be relatively higher when compared to other religions and one can find the roots of such integrity in the well-ingrained mores of these religions. Nevertheless, it is only one point of view, as there are several other religious and secular groups, which are known for their high moral conduct. The cultural system of a country, including its religious orientation, appears to have played a significant role in influencing the work ethics of its people.For instance, the stress on hard work, so characteristic of the Protestant ethics, has helped several Christian societi es to enhance their per capita 5 productivity. While Judaism has valued work outance of physical labour by its followers, the Hindu and Islamic societies, on the other hand, have by and large considered physical labour to be of lower rank than the mental work. Work ethics may or may not be linked with religious moorings. These are subjective issues but make for an evoke study.The family system and the educational system are influential instruments of socialisation and training of the mind in its impressionable years. If the values inculcated through the family and the school have underscored adepty and ethics, the impact on the mind-set of citizens is likely to be highly positive and powerful. Legal-judicial Context The legal system of a country determines considerably the efficacy of the ethical concerns in governance system. A neatly formulated law, with a clear stress on the norms of exquisite conduct and honesty, is likely to distinguish chaff from grain in the ethical uni verse.Conversely, nebulous laws, with confusing definition of corruption and its explanations, will only promote corruption for it would not be able to instill the fear of God or fear of law among those violating the laws of the land and mores of the society. Besides, an efficient and effective judiciary with fast-track justice system will prove a roadblock to immorality in public affairs. Conversely, a slow-moving judiciary, with a concern for letter quite a than the spirit of the law, will dither and delay and even help the perpetrators of crimes by giving them leeway through prolonged trials and benefits of doubt.Likewise, the anti-corruption machinery of the government, with its tangled web of complex procedures, unintendedly delivers relief to the accused who are indirectly assisted by dilatory and knotty procedures. In India, there is hardly any effective anticorruption institution. As we have read in Unit 7 earlier on in this Course, the Lok Pal is yet to be established, Lo k Ayuktas are feeble and toothless agencies, while the state vigilance bodies are restrained actors. The consequences are too obvious to warrant any explanation.The Political Context The political leadership, whether in power or outside the power-domain, is perhaps the single most potent influence on the mores and values of citizens. The rulers do rule the minds, but in a democracy particularly, all political parties, pressure groups and the media also influence the orientation and attitudes on moral questions. If politicians act as authentic examples of integrity, as happens in the Scandinavian countries, or as examples of gross self-interest, as found in most South Asian countries, the administrative system cannot remain immune to the levels of political morality.The election system in India is considered to be the biggest propeller to political corruption. expending millions on the elections compels a candidate to reimburse his expenses through fair or foul means more foul tha n fair. While fair has limits, foul has none. It is more often than not argued that the administrative class comprising civil servants at higher, middle as well as lower levels emerges from the society itself. Naturally, therefore, the mores, values and behavioural patterns prevalent in the society are likely to be reflected in the conduct of administrators.To expect that the administrators will be insulated from the orientations and norms evidenced the in society would be grossly unrealistic. The argument, propounded here, has a persuade logic, yet there can be a counterpoint that the rulers are expected to possess stronger moral fibre than the subjects. Since there are hardly any instrumentalities to protect and nurture administrative 6 morality vis-a-vis the general social morality, such an expectation remains at the most an elusive ideal. Hence, there is an obvious need to go deeper into the problem.The behaviour of politicians has a demonstration effect on civil servants. B esides, the capacity of the less honest political masters to control civil servants is immense. It is ironical that the moral environment in a country like India is designed more by its politicians than by any other social group. The primacy of the political over the rest of systems is too obvious to be ignored. If the media is objective and fearless, its role in preventing corruption can be effective. It can even act as a catalyst to the promotion of ethical behaviour among administrators.Hence, those who own and manage the media should understand their wider social and moral responsibilities. The trend in this direction is visual now with many television channels regularly airing their expose on malpractices in the system. This role of the media is important if performed with intent of social responsibility rather than sensationalism. The Economic Context The level of economic development of a country is likely to have a positive correlation with the level of ethics in the govern ance system. Even when a causal relation between the two is not envisaged, a correlation cannot be ruled out.A lower level of economic development, when accompanied with inequalities in the economic order, is likely to create a chasm among social classes and groups. The less privileged or more deprived sections of society may get tempted to forsake principles of honest conduct while fulfilling their basic needs of existence and security. Not that the rich will necessarily be more honest (though they can afford to be so), yet what is apprehended is that the poor, while making a living, may find it a compelling necessity to compromise with the principles of integrity.It is interesting to note that with the advent of liberalising economic regime in developing nations, there is a growing concern about following the norms of integrity in industry, trade, care and the governance system on account of the international pressures for higher level of integrity in the WTO regime. This is what Fred Riggs would call exogenous inducements to administrative change. 21. 5 ISSUE OF ETHICS FOCI AND CONCERNS An important question arises in connection with the moral obligation of an administrative system.Is the administrative system confined to acting morally in its conduct or does it also share the responsibility of protecting and promoting an ethical order in the larger society? While most of the focus on administrative morality is on the aspect of probity within the administrative system, there is a need to consider the issue of the responsibility of the governance system (of which the administrative system is an integral part) to create and sustain an ethical ambience in the socioeconomic system that would nurture and protect the basic moral values.Moral political philosophy assumes that the rulers will not only be moral themselves, but would also be the guardians of morality in a society. Truly, being moral is a demand to being a guardian of wider morality. Both the obliga tions are intertwined. It is a truism that the crux of administrative morality is ethical decision-making. The questions of facts and values cannot be separated from ethical decision-making. Thus, the science of administration gets integrated with the ethics of administration.And in this integrated regime, only that empirical concern is valued, which respects the normative concerns in the delivery of administrative services. 7 Which are the essential concerns in regard to administrative ethics? There can be a long list of values that are considered wanted in an administrative action. However, in being selective, one has to focus on the most crucial values. Let us now concentrate on the values of justice, fairness and objectivity. Woodrow Wilson, The Study of Administration (1887), in his inaugural address averred that justice was more important than sympathy.Thus, he placed justice at the top of value-hierarchy in a governance system. Paradoxically, there has been a lot of discussi on on the formallegal aspects of administrative law since then, but very little analysis has been made of the philosophical dimension of administrative justice. The other two issues of ethical decision-making, viz. fairness and objectivity are, in fact, integral components of administrative justice. When administrators are true to their profession, they are expected to be impartial and fair and not get influenced by nepotism, favoritism and greed while making decisions of governance.Objectivity should not be misconstrued as a mechanical and rigid adherence to laws and rules. From the decision-making angle, it has undoubtedly wider ramifications encompassing a set of positive orientations. Currently, the notion of ethics has expanded itself to involve all major realms of human existence. Let us attempt to outline certain salient aspects of ethics in public administration. Broadly, they could be summarised as following maxims saw of Legality and reason An administrator will follow the law and rules that are framed to govern and guide various categories of policies and decisions.Maxim of Responsibility and Accountability An administrator would not veer to accept responsibility for his decision and actions. He would hold himself morally responsible for his actions and for the use of his discretion while making decisions. Moreover, he would be willing to be held accountable to higher authorities of governance and even to the people who are the ultimate beneficiaries of his decisions and actions. Maxim of Work Commitment An administrator would be committed to his duties and perform his work with involvement, intelligence and dexterity.As Swami Vivekananda observed Every duty is holy and devotion to duty is the highest form of worship. This would also entail a respect for time, punctuality and fulfillment of promises made. Work is considered not as a burden but as an opportunity to serve and constructively contribute to society. Maxim of Excellence An administr ator would ensure the highest standards of quality in administrative decisions and action and would not compromise with standards because of convenience or complacency.In a competitive international environment, an administrative system should faithfully adhere to the requisites of Total Quality Management. Maxim of Fusion An administrator would rationally bring about a fusion of individual, organisational and social goals to help evolve unison of ideals and imbibe in his behaviour a commitment to such a fusion. In situation of conflicting goals, a concern for ethics should govern the choices made. Maxim of Responsiveness and Resilience An administrator would respond effectively to the demands and challenges from the external as well as internal environment.He would adapt to environmental break and yet sustain the ethical norms of conduct. In situations of deviation from the prescribed ethical norms, the administrative system would show resilience and bounce back into the accepted ethical mould at the earliest opportunity. 8 Maxim of Utilitarianism While making and implementing policies and decisions, an administrator will ensure that these lead to the greatest good (happiness, benefits) of the greatest number.Maxim of Compassion An administrator, without violating the prescribed laws and rules, would demonstrate compassion for the poor, the disabled and the weak while using his discretion in making decisions. At least, he would not grant any benefits to the stronger section of society only because they are strong and would not deny the due consideration to the weak, despite their weakness. Maxim of National Interest though universalistic in orientation and liberal in outlook, a civil servant, while performing his duties, would keep in view the impact of his action on his nations strength and prestige.The Japanese, the Koreans, the Germans and the Chinese citizens (including civil servants), while performing their official roles, have at the back of the ir mind a concern and respect for their nation. This automatically raises the level of service rendered and the products delivered. Maxim of Justice Those responsible for formulation and execution of policies and decisions of governance would ensure that respect is shown to the principles of equality, equity, fairness, impartiality and objectivity and no peculiar(prenominal) favours are doled out on the criteria of status, position, power, gender, class, caste or wealth.Maxim of Transparency An administrator will make decisions and implement them in a transparent dash so that those affected by the decisions and those who wish to evaluate their rationale, will be able to understand the reasons behind such decisions and the sources of information on which these decisions were made. Maxim of equity An administrator would undertake an administrative action on the basis of honesty and not use his power, position and discretion to serve his personal interest and the illegitimate inter ests of other individuals or groups. There could be many more tenets added to the above catalogue of maxims of morality in administration. However, the overall objective is to ensure Good Governance with a prime concern for ethical principles, practices, orientations and behaviour. There are no dogmas involved in defining administrative ethics. The chief concern while doing so is the positive consequence of administrative action and not just ostensibly rational modes of administrative processes. In the following Section, a few of the salient concerns and foci of ethics are being dealt with briefly. 21. 6 PERTINENCE OF CODE OF ADMINISTRATIVE ETHICS.The concept of ethics has been a latecomer in the realm of public administration. For too long, doing ones duty well was considered to be an equivalent of bureaucratic ethics. Interestingly, in the United States, the original city managers and federal code of ethics placed notable stress on efficiency as ethical concept. In the early 2 0th century, the perspective began to change. In 1924, the International City/Country Management Association adopted the public sectors first code of ethics that reflected anti-corruption and anti-politics facets of the municipal reforms movement. 9.In 1958, the US Congress imposed a code of ethics on the Federal presidency and in 1978, founded the Office of Government Ethics as an upshot of the Ethics in Government Act of 1978. In 1992, the Office of Government Ethics released the Federal Governments first comprehensive set of standards of ethical conduct, comprising standards pertaining to gifts, conflicts of financial interest, impartiality, misuse of office, seeking outside employment, and outside activities. Almost all the American states have also promulgated their respective codes of ethics, though compared to the federal initiative, they are less comprehensive.Today, codes of ethics, ethics boards, and ethics training have been accepted as integral aspects of public adminis tration in the U. S. Moreover, ethics education has also permeated the discipline of public administration. The National Association of Schools of Public Affairs and Public Administration has made ethics education a required component of a Public Administration Programme for its accreditation and has prescribed that all introductory text-books in public administration should include a discussion on ethics (Browman, Berman and West, 2001).Eminent professional associations of public administration also offer training programmes on ethical conduct for public managers. In India, there are a few training programmes on administrative ethics offered by the Indian Institute of Public Administration and other institutions for civil servants, but there is hardly any similar initiative taken up in the realm of education in Public Administration. The American Society for Public Administration (ASPA) had adopted in 1984 a Code of Ethics for its members (comprising intellectuals as well as practi cing administrators). It was revised in 1994.Certain salient points of the ASPAs Code of Ethics are as follows Exercise of discretionary authority to promote public interest Recognition and support to the publics right to know the public business Exercise of compassion, benevolence, fairness and optimism Prevention of all forms of mismanagement of public funds by establishing and maintaining strong fiscal and management controls, by supporting audits and investigative activities Protection of Constitutional principles of equality, fairness, representativeness, responsiveness and due process in protecting citizens rights Maintenance of truthfulness and honesty and not to compromise them for advancement, honour, or personal gain Guarding zealously against conflict of interest or its appearance e. g. nepotism, improper ou.